Assignment 4 Celta

Assignment 4 – Lessons from the Classroom The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. I decided to take the CELTA because it seemed like a fairly easy way to make some money while I traveling. However, a mere month's exposure to teaching has given me the confidence to pursue teaching English as a serious career alternative, should I ever get sick of political antics and swindlers' conspiracies. All through my life, people told me I would make a decent teacher. Now, I believe it. I believe it because I have braved the utterly nerve-racking schedule of assignment submissions and lesson planning and teaching without falling apart. Though I learned a lot from our wonderful trainers (full credits to Gabbi and Maureen) and my absolutely wonderful classmates, I really have miles to go before I sleep (literally). A month is a very short time to learn something but it is admirable that all of us have had such a tremendous growth curve. Personally, I know I have become much more confident about standing in front of a classroom full of students and talking about the finer points of the English language. Not many noticed it, but I avoided writing anything on the board the first afternoon we had Teaching Practice (TP) because my hands were shaking so vigorously. I have definitely come a long way since then. I have learned a lot from the critique and feedback by classmates and tutors, observation of peers and experienced teachers, and from self-reflection. I discovered the very first day that it was important to establish a good rapport with the students and be comfortable talking with them. Observing Darin during his first lesson taught me a very valuable lesson – I learned it was important to engage students in conversation rather than assume the role of a traditional teacher. Though Maureen commented on June 23, the first day of TP, that I established a good rapport with the students, I really feel that I felt more comfortable from the second lesson onwards. Observing Porter in the first week of the class was a big bonus. He was so much at   ease in class, so much at home. He made the students feel comfortable and involved his Advanced English students in the process of teaching and learning. I worked hard on planning from the beginning and mostly produced solid plans. On June 2, Maureen mentioned that I had a very detailed lesson plan and good language analysis. I adjusted well to the different levels of students within the class. When I was teaching elementary level classes, I made it a point to explain concepts to the weakier students and help them during the tasks if they had any difficulty. After Teaching Practice on June 26, my classmates who had observed me teaching commented that I had monitored weaker students like Carlos and Jessica well throughout the class. I think I did well in class management from the beginning. I made sure I kept all students on their toes and working hard. From the first week, when Maureen commented that I managed my classes well, till the third week, when Gabi as well as my classmates commented that I taught a good lesson to one truant students – I think my class management skills have only improved. From the beginning of Teaching Practice, both Maureen and Gabi commented that I successfully established a good rapport with the students. On the first day, Maureen wrote in my Teaching Practice Evaluation, â€Å"You established a nice rapport with the students, very friendly and confident. † When we switched levels, Gabi wrote in my Evaluation, â€Å"You built a good rapport with your new SS. † Even though I have switched to the Intermediate level, some of the Elementary level students often come up to me with doubts and questions. I have to mention that observing Darin while he taught was a fantastic experience because he has always establishes such a comfortable rapport with his students. I had a problem with excessive TTT from the very beginning. I think a major reason for this is that the Indian educational system tends to have very teacher-centered classrooms. from the beginning, the tutors and my classmates have pointed out that I need to reduce TTT and make the lessons more student-centered. Though I have tried hard to do this, I still have a long way to go before I become a minimalist talker. I do earnestly believe that student-centered learning is far more effective. It was great to observe Porter because it showed how minimalist TTT can be super effective in the classroom. Porter allowed the students to lead classroom discussion and complete his sentences. He elicited a lot of information without being verbose. I analyzed language items well before presenting them in class. On June 24, Maureen commented that I had a â€Å"detailed analysis of the grammar operation of the target language. † In the beginning, I had some trouble organizing the stages of clarification of meaning and grammar form. However, I think I improved significantly in latter classes. On July 2, when I taught relative classes, Maureen said that I used effective CCQs and did a â€Å"thorough analysis of the form and meaning. † I did help students with improving their pronunciation by doing both choral and individual oral drilling. However, I think this is one area in which I have a lot to improve. I have tried to correct students' pronunciation errors, especially at the intermediate level, but I think I should do more of this. Fernanda consistenly drills the students a lot and tells me that it is very important for them to repeat the sounds again and again before they can be comfortable with them. I think I did well in giving students practice in receptive skills of reading and listening during my lessons. On June 26 Maureen commented, â€Å"I think students received some useful reading comprehension practice, and you adapted the materials creatively. † I do have a problem with linking the stages during receptive skills lessons. As Gabi commented on July 8, I need to link tasks more clearly so students know why they are doing the activities you ar giving them. I haven't done a very good job at providing productive practice to students because I don't time my lessons too well. Most often, students don't have enough time for speaking or writing at the end of the lesson. Wilson did a fantastic job at timing his lesson on July 14 – the students had more than 15 minutes of freer speaking practice at the end of his lesson. My goals for the future are to make my lesson more student centered, to reduce TTT and to improve my timing. These have been my most significant weaknesses throughout the course. I need ot hold back and let go of my control over the class. This will help me reduce TTT while at the same time making the lesson more student-centered. To achieve this aim, I will let the students discuss everything before I step in with suggestions and clarifications. This will also make the lesson more interactive and fun for the students. I will work hard to be economical with my instructions and explanations by planning my lesson to the last detail. Timing the lesson is also a matter of careful planning. I also need to be very aware of the ticking clock. With this aim in mind, I will invest in a large clock placed strategically in the classroom so I can't miss it.

Alternative Means of Transportation

Guilherme Cesa Academic Writing Sara Rayfield 04/18/2012 Instead of Horns, Voice Today, most of the big cities centralize interests in improving and encouraging the private means of transportation instead of public. Driving a car can be very comfortable and pleasant, but it causes serious problems. Because of this, we all must change our mind about the ways we move daily and find different ways for locomotion. Mobility is a very exciting thing; the feeling of freedom that it gives can be very rewarding.An example of that is the way society found to punish people: we put them in a prison and do not allow them to move for days, months or years. It is evident and natural that everybody needs to move around daily, whether it is to go to work or go to the supermarket. The most popular way of personal transportation in modern society is the car. A car represents much more than just a way of transportation. The idea of having a car these days transcends the basic idea of mobility; an automo bile represents status and wealth while using alternative ways for transport such as bus, train, or bicycle are depreciated by society as being worse.Looking at how society chooses to move within its territory can reveal a lot of things about what type of society it is. Giving priority to cars means not prioritizing the greater good; it is a selfish way of thinking. More cars being driven means more roads and parking lots, fewer public spaces and green areas, more traffic jams, and pollution. On the places that were supposed to have sidewalks, we now see a wide avenue, the park turned into a parking lot. Gradually, the cities are becoming a place adjusted for the cars instead of the dwellers.As many of the problems that vehicles may cause, the most discussed nowadays is the global warming. The air pollution made by cars and fossil fuel dependents increase the moisture level of the air, which causes the greenhouse effects. The pollution forms a layer around the atmosphere that makes the heat be reradiated from the surface to the atmosphere, causing the global warming. However, hope still exists for Planet Earth by the limitation of usage and dependency on fossil fuels.Besides the main problem that cars cause for the environment, cars nowadays are much cleaner than before, the problem is that we have a lot more cars being driven on the streets and polluting the earth. In addition, cars demand a large amount of raw material to be made and they produce a lot of waste. While driving the automobile, it is not only polluting gas that is being produced, it also affects the ground and water when the tires wear out and fluids, such as battery oil and gasoline, spill from the car.Alternative forms of transportation such as walking and bicycling for short distances, and train, subway, trolley, light rail, bus, and car pooling for longer distances may be a good solution to solve a lot of problems. It will not only help in the amount of pollution in the atmosphere but also would bring benefits in other aspects of our lives; we would save money, it would reduce other types of pollution such as water, land and noise, it would give us a better quality of life, we would spend less time in stressful traffic and the cities would become a more pleasant place to live in.Of course it is very difficult to convince people not to use their cars since we have an inexistent public transportation program; no buses, no trains, no bike lanes, and bad sidewalks. Once the authorities start improving the methods of transportation as well as promoting them, people will begin to see the advantages of changing one to another. Studies from the company EMBARQ have shown that cities can reduce up to 30% of the vehicular traffic over the next 3 to 5 years if improving the public transportation.A good example that this improvement can cause big effects in cities is the Los Angeles Metro promotion; their urban transportation system authorities are making an innovating campaign fo r the city. In order to reduce the traffic, clean the air and make their lives less stressful, Los Angeles’ transit authorities start trying to convince people about the benefits of using public transportation. The way they found to do so was improving as much as possible the service quality offered for metro and buses lines, making them cleaner and more comfortable.Then they worked to improve the image of it and get people out of their cars. They made buses appear more attractive with colorful paints and redesigned the metro stations with paint arts and music. At least, they started working on a marketing campaign to convince people to use their services and encouraging Angelinos to leave the car need. Another facet of public mobility that could replace the use of cars is cycling and walking. Better sidewalks and bike lines as well as providing free bikes rentals as many cities in Europe do would attract more people to use these means of transportation.Walking and cycling ca n be a very pleasant way to move from one place to another in short distances and the gains that it causes are numerous. It gives people a slower-pace routine, and using legs to ride a bike or walk is a very good exercise that improves a lot the body and mental health, it is free and can help to save a lot of money in gasoline and transport fares. It is also a pro-environment way of transportation that does not pollute, it helps to make a more attractive and green city where people can interact with others and with the city environment around them.As a conclusion, changing one way of transportation to another is an action that takes long to happen and it takes a lot of effort both from authorities and citizens. However, if it be done, it will bring positive results for the whole society. The cities would become a better place to live, with streets populated by people and not by cars. Work Cited Network, EMBARQ. â€Å"LA Metro: Promoting Mass Transport† Vimeo. 04 January 2010. Web. 19 April 2012. Pawley, Martin. â€Å"The War Against Car† Open Democracy. Globalization Transport. 8 May 2012. Web. 19 April 2012.

Broad Scholarship

Education is the key to all doors of the world. I know that by seeking my education I can help someone else benefit from it and also succeed in their life as well. My desire to obtain a degree is a representation to others that anything is possible if you put your mind to it. As a person who appreciates the opportunity to educate myself on all topics, not just one, I can never take that for granted.Many people who don’t have an education or those who cannot achieve it because of poverty or fear, I can be an inspiration to them, letting them know that receiving your education is not only about hard work and dedication, but that its fun and exciting at the same time. I can give the wisdom of knowing that nothing compares to learning something new and experiencing that knowledge first hand in the world.I tell the kids who I work along-side with everyday that going to school is fun. They see me going to school every day. I share stories of the high school lifestyle to them all the time. They know that by going to college you can be whatever you want and how you want to be presented to the world. You’re your own boss and they listen. They not only see the benefits from having education, but they know how having an education can lead to newer heights in their lives and also for their families lives.I believe by me getting my education, I can keep that hope among our younger generation for all eternality, one that will never perish, but only live with a smile of gratitude and appreciation for the word education. The dream of receiving an education will expand through their eyes and mine, bringing new dimension and understanding of education to the world as a whole for all people. This is why my degree is so important to me, for the better of our children’s children children.

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Land law - Essay Example There, however, lacks any requirement as pertaining to whether the paper owner should be aware or not of the trespass as can be seen in Rain v Buxton.8 Nonetheless, if the possession is based on a given legal entitlement, then it cannot be termed as adverse. Factual possession: Kevin has taken care of the land and erected a permanent building in the land. The council has not been in possession of the land in this time period while Kevin has been actively using the land for 20 years. Courts must have evidence of the land being possessed as passed in Buckinghamshire County Council v Moran.9 The Council’s possession of the land is limited to shortcuts. The courts need continuous possession with some form of development. Trespass is not sufficient as was seen in the case of Powell v McFarlane.10 Presence of implied licence: The council has not objected for over 20 years despite the fact the Council’s management team uses the land as a shortcut and could see the developments made by Kevin. Implied license is limited by the Limitation Act 1980, schedule 1, paras 8(4). Intention to possess: The courts need proof that trespasser needs to use the land (animus possidendi) as given in Powell v McFarlane.12 The trespasser’s approach to possession does not matter; however, he must have intentions to possess the land exclusively.13 The trespasser must have the intent to take full control of the land and exclude everyone else including the paper

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Marketing Management - Essay Example Main line of Marriott Marriott International Inc. operates and franchises hotels and lodging facilities worldwide (Marriott-a, 2010). Mr. Marriott has built a culture which is highly regarded and the company recognizes the value that they bring on to the organization. At present around 300,000 people are serving guests under the brand name Marriott and franchised properties throughout the world. Mr. Marriott shifted the company’s business model from hotel ownership to franchising and property management. This allowed the company to accelerate growth and broaden his leadership. This brought up the Marriott International, a hotel management and a franchising company. The company is a leading lodging company with around 3,000 lodging properties in USA and 67 other countries (Marriott, 2011). Marriott International has almost 2300 franchised hotels. The company has won many awards with relation to franchise because of the contribution made to the International Franchise Associatio n. Some of the awards include, 2006 Ronald E. Harrison Award by the IFA, Entrepreneurs of the year in 1984 to name a few (IFA, 2010). Presence of Marriott International JW Marriott Mexico City, Mexico: Marriott International has presence in Mexico with its 5-star hotel offering luxurious and modern accommodation for leisure as well as business travelers. It is located in Polanco district which has a historical importance (Marriott International Inc-b, 2011). Marriott India: In India, Marriott provides state-of-the-art meeting facilities, recreation facilities and personalized getaways in thirteen different cities (Marriott International Inc-c, 2011). China Hotel, a 5-Star Marriott Hotel: Marriott has presence in Guangzhou city of China from which it is connected to Export-Import Fair complex, airport and stations (Marriott International Inc-d, 2011). Marriott Argentina: Marriott International started its operations in Buenos Aires as Marriott Plaza hotel in 1909 and has hosted a num ber of high profile people such as Charles de Gaulle, Theodore Roosevelt, Indira Gandhi etc (Marriott International Inc-e, 2011). Marketing mix Marketing mix is a unique blend of product, price, promotions, offerings and distribution which are designed to meet the needs and demands of the consumers (McDaniel & Gates, 1998, p.3). As the demand of the market changes, the marketing mix also needs to be revised. The company should follow to have a right product at the right price, in the right place and at the right time. In addition to four Ps there is other three other secondary components which is concerned with the service industry. Thus as the project is based upon service industry, therefore the marketing mix would deal with 7 Ps. They are Product Price Place Promotion People Physical evidence and Process (Stone, 2001, p.54). Product The core product of Marriott is the hotel rooms that they provide to its customers. The company has different kinds of brands such as Marriott hotels and resorts, Renaissance hotels, JW Marriott hotels and reports, Autographs collection to name a few (Marriott, 2011). The reason which made Marriott a strong brand is because the company has one concept but they make the concept work differently for different people thus, attracting huge amount of customers. Place Marriott has been operating in many countries in about 68 countries and territories. Countries include USA,

Linear Programming . Optimal Output and Calculation of Shadow Prices Essay

Linear Programming . Optimal Output and Calculation of Shadow Prices Using Graphical Approach Manually - Essay Example manage its operations well. Brass Ltd. manufactures two types of products – Masso and Russo which incur machining and assembly costs in their production. There are constraints on the availability of machining and assembly hours which are 700 hours and 1000 hours respectively. The capacity is fixed and the cost on the same is incurred irrespective of the usage. The maximum allowed production of each product type is 400 units. The selling price and costs incurred for the two products are available. The time spent on each machine for each product is also available. The company needs to know the optimal production of each product type to maximize profit. It also needs to gauge the impact of increasing production marginally on the profitability. There are certain inherent assumptions involved while formulating the above Linear Programming Model. The first assumption is that the constraints and the objective function can be represented through linear equations. In other words, the constraints on machining hours, assembly hours and the maximum production are directly proportional to both the number of Masso and the number of Russo. The second assumption is that the production of Masso is independent of the production of Russo and hence the impact of their production on the constraints as well as the objective function is perfectly additive. The third assumption is that the immediate objective of the firm is to recover the variable costs on the manufacturing of the two products and therefore fixed costs of machining and assembly are not considered for model formulation. Ideally, these fixed costs are distributed over the number of products manufactured. For obtaining a solution to the above model, the 6 inequalities shown above are plotted on a graph as shown in Figure 4.1 (www.maths.unp.ac.za). The two constraints regarding machining and assembly hours are plotted as straight lines. The two constraints on the

Financial Reporting and Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Assignment Example 2) Non-cash items usually include those items which do not include the transfer of money. The most feasible way for adjusting non-cash items is by adding the same form the net income of the firm (Hung, 2000). 3) The stock market participants were able to predict the fall in the revenues of Charter. As a result the company’s stock prices began being priced low by the stock market forces. A low price allocates a low level of dividend (Berk & DeMarzo, 2013). A low share price allocation also helps a firm to attract a large number of small investor (Rioja & Valev, 2004). However a declining share price also indicates a firm’s low revenue which also repels a number of investors who expect growth and rising dividends (Chandra, 2005). The financial performance of airlines industry is generally analyzed on the basis of return on equity (ROE) or return on assets (ROA). The airline industry is immensely capital intensive and profitability is usually measured on the basis of returns available on equity or assets. Accordingly it is seen that the ROA for the airlines industry on an average is around 9.8. From the given data it is seen that firm 6 incurs a ROA ratio of 9.95. Hence this firm belongs to the airlines industry. Banking firms puts special emphasis upon the returns from operations. Hence net margin is usually one of the critical parameters for judging the efficiency of the firms in this sector. The banking industry usually incurs a net profit margin of 16. From the given data set, it is seen that firm 9 has a net profit margin of 12.82. Most brewery firms analyze their financial effectively by analyzing the gross margin ratio. Breweries usually have a gross profit margin of 60. From the given data it can therefore be analyzed that firm 8 has a gross profit of 60.21. Hence firm 8 belongs to brewery industry. Departmental stores usually experience a very high level of liquidity and hence

Service Quality in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Service Quality in Higher Education - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the three surveys conducted used various statistical measures such as QFD technique, and some multidimensional matrixes. Some of the research instrument included the QFD model, the QFD matrixes, and the data got analyzed by use of the statistical packages for social scientists (SPSS). Some of the processes that got included in these studies included delivery of teaching, the design of study programs, assessment of students, management of the administrative services and research activities. Others include career orientation services, student admission, and hiring, development and evaluation of the teaching personnel. The conclusive statement got made student’s study program, assessment of students and the teaching process are important aspects of improving education quality and the introduction of quality management in the higher education systems. Service quality in higher learning has emerged as one of the key most fundamental factors that drive ma ny academic institutions towards realizing their set objectives, goals, and educational aims. There are some processes and methodologies adopted by some learning institutions for the main purpose of upgrading the quality of their education services as well as academic provisions. By undertaking this procedure as well as the policies meant for improving their education quality and standards, these institutions have gotten in a position to meet nearly all requirements set by the ISO 9001:2008. There are some strategies taken to improve service quality in higher education, among them including the application of quality function deployment towards upgrading the standards in higher education. In this case, it entails the concerns from the employer’s perspective. It involves the use of the use of various paradigms and investigation procedures which gets implemented for the purpose of purpose of coming up with solutions for realizing high academic qualities.

American Economic Association Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Economic Association - Assignment Example Others are from state, local and federal government. The organization publishes articles on applied economics, macroeconomics, microeconomics and economic policy. The organization normally hold three days annual meeting with other related organization in which they discuss various factors of economics (American Economic Association 1). Under macroeconomics, the organization focuses on studies concerning growth, aggregate fluctuations and functions of policies. According to Baumol & Blinder, the organization also carries out research and interacts with other fields like industrial organization, monetary theory, finance, labor economics, international economics, public finance and development economics (American Economic Association 1). The organization also studies economy-wide phenomena like Gross National Product and effects on national income. It also addresses changes in unemployment, price levels and rate of growth. For example, under macroeconomics, the organization studies the decrease and increase in net exports and its effects on a country’s capital account. The organization provides fundamental tools for various finance professionals and economists (Atif  & Trebbi 14). It also sets the stage for growth, progress and revision of existing

Ethical Issues Supporting Children Advertising Essay

Ethical Issues Supporting Children Advertising - Essay Example Ethical Issues Surrounding Children Advertising Introduction Advertising to children has long been the point of extensive debate about the impacts such advertisements could have on young, vulnerable, and easily influenced consumers. One issue with children advertising is that kids are not capable of differentiating between the programme and the advertisement. Hence, youngsters do not have the same critical thought as grown-ups do and more apt to believe ads (Buijzen & Valkenburg 2005). Ads may take advantage of children’s irresistible desires for bodily gratification, attachment, play, persuading them to choose prefer physical items over socially driven alternatives. Some scholars claim that ads make children impulsive, impatient, and materialistic (Ramsey 2006). Therefore, this essay takes into consideration the ethical issues surrounding children advertising. Relevant Theories/Models Because the issue of advertising’s effect on youngsters was charged to childrenâ€⠄¢s cognitive developmental weaknesses, with a number of governmental concerns for the possible fault of unethical advertisers who deliberately deceive youngsters with their advertisements, that became the main emphasis for the believed solution, too. Thus, Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory is a relevant and suitable model for the issue of ethical issues surrounding children’s advertising (Mercer & Miller-McLemore 2005). Originally, marketers’ application of models of development started as reactions to detractors of children advertising with explanations that the models would help them to further promote ethical marketing. Marketers could prevent the making of ads that unjustly exploit children’s lack of ability to function outside a developmentally established scope of information deciphering. For instance, the study of Ward and colleagues focuses on the inclination of children to give importance to a portrayed product fully relative to actua l attributes (Srivastava & Nandan 2010). The child would give importance to more vibrant colour or bigger size instead of doing a critical assessment of how the product could carry out its publicised features or purposes, which may be anticipated at a later developmental phase of a child (Shimanovsky & Lewis 2006). Therefore, this essay supports the argument that this knowledge can strongly contribute to the promotion of ethical children’s advertising. In this essay, the issue puts emphasis only on ethical and suitable children’s advertising, rooted in the belief that encouraging them to be fine and critical consumers is an admirable objective, and this belief is never challenged. The discourses on children advertising persist, all the same, with advocates of a critical, perceptive child challenging those who emphasise children’s core incorruptibility and immaturity (Davis 2002). A particular issue in establishing the disagreement between marketing and children as a problem of a child’s undeveloped capacity for rational thoughts rests in the beliefs that advertising composes mainly of disseminating product information and that a critical, wise person has the liberty to work on acquired information (Abelman & Atkin 2000). According to Stuhlfault and Farrell (2009), this point of view overlooks the complexity of image and representation in advertising, together with the different ways wherein individuals encounter an ad (e.g. as entertainment, as a social

Cousre review first line manangement ilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cousre review first line manangement ilm - Essay Example In fact, the initial responses once a change has been announced by a manager are very negative because people are not always willing to change. Most people will fear change because of the fear of the unknown .Most employees imagine that they know nothing about what is about to be introduced and therefore at the back of their minds they imagine that the worst is about to happen. Employees therefore make what they don’t know to being their rationale of reasoning hence resistance comes in (Stark, 2009). While many people acknowledge that change is important, they fear that that new changes will have negative consequences on them and therefore they will create obstacles to prevent change. Another reason why people resist change is that, they have deep rooted fear in their minds and therefore any attempt towards organizational change is met with great resistance. Some people hold on to their past because they feel more secure and it is usually predictable. Other people will resist because they have succeeded in the past and therefore, if change is undertaken, then it is viewed as being unfavorable to them. It is therefore imperative that any manager should understand that any attempts towards an organizational change will be met with resistance and with this understanding a manager may be able to influence their attitudes in a more positive way (Langdon, 2007). A force field analysis refers to a management technique that is used to analyze variables that are involved in making and implementing changes within an organization and eventually it helps in team building and overcoming resistance. It helps to analyze any driving and restraining factors that usually bring about change. Therefore, while implementing a change, one should look at the driving factors such as improving the productivity of the team, competition and the incentives to be given to the team so as to boost their morale. The restraining

Hektor and Paris Essay Example for Free

Hektor and Paris Essay The Illiad is an ancient Greek epic poem which comprises of twenty-four books. It is believed to be composed in the 8th century BC. It describes the events of the Trojan War, a conflict between Greece and Troy that took place four centuries earlier. The initial cause of the Trojan War was the abduction of Helen, the queen of Sparta, by Paris, aTrojan prince. As the poem unfolds more and more is apparent as we are introduced to new characters, who we see develop in new situations. Distinctive characters are formed within the Illiad as Homer has made their importance and significance to the story apparent. Two such characters are Hektor and Paris, whom I am going to analyse thoroughly by referring to books three and six. Paris is the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, and brother to Hektor. He is also referred to as Alexandros in the Illiad. In Book three we are first introduced to Paris very early on, on the battle field, just as the Achaians are approaching. He is described as Alexandros the godlike. Throughout the Illiad Homer uses many references to refer to Paris. He refers to Paris as the hero, as godlike and even as son of Priam. Homer also uses the same technique in reference to Hektor. Hektor is also the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba as he is brother to Paris. Hektor is referred to as the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He is also referred to as tall Hektor, as beloved of Zeus and as the slayer of men. Although these references are insightful, they are vague. To understand these characters true personalities we must look closer at the text and the context in which they are present in. Pariss character is apparent and definable from the context in book three alone. We learn a lot about him and how he is perceived, not just by his family, but also his people. Our first description of Paris in book three is in his armour as he is prepared for combat. He is described as wearing across his shoulders the hide of a leopard, curved bow and sword; while in his hands shaking two javelins pointed with bronze. This brief description is insightful as we can deduct a lot about his personality just from his attire. The fact that Paris is intending to use a curved bow in combat is significant. A curved bow was seen as a cowardly means of fighting as it involves attacking from a safe distance, as no physical combat is therefore necessary. This suggests that Paris has no real intention of fighting appropriately but is just present for show. The fact Homer has described his attire in so much detail further exemplifies this. The leopard across his shoulders is symbolic of the great Herakles whom fought and killed a leopard as part of his twelve labours. Perhaps Homer is suggesting that although Paris may appear to be of the same physical stature as Herakles, he certainly doesnt posses the same courage and fighting ability. Pariss cowardly nature is then confirmed as when he saw Menelaos showing among the champions, the heart was shaken within him; to avoid death he shrank into the host of his own companions. Although we do not get a direct insight into Hektors fighting capability in books three and six, he is constantly referred to as the mightiest warrior of the Trojans and slayer of men. We do however get an insight into Hektors leadership qualities, which Homer runs parallel and contrasts to Pariss gutless nature. After Hektor confronted Paris on the battlefield he confronted the rest of the Trojan and Greek  army to inform them of how the battle could be resolved. Hektor hearing his word was happy and went into the space between and forced back the Trojan battalions holding his spear by the middle until they were all seated. But the flowing-haired Achaians kept pointing their bows at him with arrows and with flung stones striving ever to strike him. This point the situation is very perilous for Hektor as he is being attacked from all sides. Homer has to bring in Agamemnon to deal with the situation and calm his men down to hear what Hektor has to say. It is only after the men are calmed that we see Hektors great leadership qualities as he sustains the attention of both sides of the army and clearly presents them with an ulterior way of resolving the war. This scene is interesting as Hektor is portrayed strangely in a heroic light. Here Hektor is being confronted by the entire Greek army yet doesnt stand down or hide away, he faces up to them in an attempt to get his message across. This situation mirrors Pariss, when he fled and hid on the battlefield because he confronted by just one warrior. Although Paris appears to possess greater strength and courage, it is actually Hektor who does. Homer has clearly distinguished a difference in character between the two brothers here. Paris is portrayed as an effeminate character in comparison to the rest of the male characters in several ways. It has already been established that he is not a great warrior as he posses no courage or strength. The degree of precision which Paris takes in putting on his armour is humorous as his vanity shines through. First he placed along his legs the fair greaves linked with silver fastenings to hold the greaves at the ankles. Not only is the style in which he dresses himself effeminate but also the  extent of his armour. The fact that everything is trimmed with silver and that his helmet is well-fashioned illustrates this. The idea of Pariss looks being his  distinguishing characteristic is again exemplified when he is being referred to by Aphrodite. Shining in his raiment and his own beauty; you would not think that he came from fighting against a man; you would think he was going rather to dance, or rested and had been dancing lately. This description is very insightful as Homer is almost suggesting that Paris is only fit for and suitable for dancing, he is not made to fight, unlike his brother Hektor.

Code Switching and Mobile Phones in ESL

Code Switching and Mobile Phones in ESL 1.0 Introduction to code switching In this era of globalization and modernization, many of people were used more than one or more language in the conversation and community. The term of code switching, or sometimes maybe write in ‘codes witching’ or ‘code-switching’. This is broadly used and discuss in a variety of related field and linguistics. A database on the 2005 year, a search of the Language Behaviour Abstract and linguistics shows more than 1800 articles on the subject published in virtually on every branch of the linguistics. Nevertheless, despite on this ubiquity or perhaps in part of it, the scholarship does not seem to share the definition of the terms. Aside from that this perhaps is inevitable, given from the different concerns of the linguists, such like anthropologists, psycholinguists, sociolinguists, philosophers and so on. Since the code switching is studies from many and different perspective, the paper will necessary seems to omit the important element to the literature. On the other hand, many of the works are labelled ‘code switching’, this is interest in morph syntactic constrains and syntactic on the language alternation. Alternately, the studies of language acquisition, the second language acquisition, and the language if using the term code switching to describe either language learners’ or bilingual speakers’ cognitive linguists language, to describe the classroom or the learners practice involving the using of more than one or more language. The codes switch refers to the different of speech in the content. For example, the formal language or the informal language, or different languages like Spanish and English. The student who were bilingual or came from the different culture and background are noted their ability code switch. Because of the standard language are not their primary language and this matter let the student added the effort to speak accordingly in the standard form one language to another. 2.0 Factors that cause ESL Learners to code switch 2.0.1 Mother language Since they are child, they were speaking with the mother language and do not use the English language to speaking to each other, so this matter will cause the children stammer when they speaking the English to others. To further illustration on this point, for the Indian, they will speak in Tamil; for the Malay people, they will speak in Malay; for the Chinese people, they will speak in Cantonese or Chinese. Since they were still small, their parent and family never instill the other language such as the English language, so lead their children were cannot understand the English, and speaking with the English very well. 2.0.2 Parent’s education For those parents who just study for a few years, their academic and language level just common, and cannot teach and correct their child very well and formal. Sometimes they speaking with the broken language in front of their children, then their children suit their parents too. Owing to this matter, the relevant parents cannot become a good role model to the children. On the contrary, for the family which is the economy is better, they never and not allow their children to the learning central for have a better learning, their purpose is save the money so they never send the children to the learning central. Thus, they prefer to spent on something not worth it, like the famous brand of the nags, shirts, watch and a lots. 2.0.3 Teacher’s education Basically, the school education was the formal to every student. Nonetheless, some teacher was never correct student mistake. For instance, when students was saying ‘Teacher, boleh saya pergi toilet?’ Actually, the teacher may correct the sentences to ‘Teacher, may I go to toilet?’ With this case, many of the teachers were often neglect it and never correct it, so this may cause the students to be a habit. Above all, the teacher who teaching the English lesson should organize some activities all about the English language, but they did not do it. This is because some of the teacher was busy for their own personal things or lazy to organize it. 2.0.4 Education Based to the Chinese, Indian and Malay people they were not all the people that educated by the English. On the contrary, mostly parents were sent them to the school which is suit to their own race school. Owing to this reason, the language they mostly learning is their own language although have learning the English. Nevertheless, even their have the learning English skill, but they will spoke out their own language at wherever even if the school too. 2.1 Methods to overcome code switching 2.1.1 School education Every school must educated the children correctly, especially kindergarten, primary school and secondary school, this is because the basic is learn since a child. The school should arrangement some teacher who was professional in English language so that can teach the students speaking in English, or teaching the writing skill too. Aside from that, the school might organize some activities about the language of the English. We can take the example is the English programme, seminars, competition of the English story, oral English test, and so on about the English activities. This is due to the reason that students participants the activities above can train their courage and would not be afraid when face the problem of speaking in English, and would not be stammer when speaking in English. 2.1.2 Parent’s education Every parent should be a good and perfect role model to their own child. This is because whatever parents did, the children will follow it like copy and paste. Henceforth, if the parents who cannot speak out the English as well as possible then do not say it out, this attitude was to prevent the children to learn this and speak like this. Frankly saying, every parent’s should send their children to the central which is learning the English. Many studies have pointed out that learning at the learning English central can learn many of the things which is include the grammar, writing skill, conversation, speech, and so on that about the English language. On the other hand, these kinds of the learning central also can teach the children about the team spirit, help to each other, and the polite of the social. In addition to that, every parents should give some motivate and push their children to reading and speaking in English. 2.1.3 Training The children or the students who wants to improve the English level can via the reading of the English book or listen the radio which is the English station. This move is highly appropriated because the books were include many words that they never seen, more difficult, or always forgotten it. The children via these activities can approve their English as fast as possible if they were not forgo it. On top of that, they can approve their English by watching the English movie or the English songs. This is the light of the fact that the children or the students can speaking the English as fast as possible, and not afraid of speak it wrong. 3.0 Conclusion In this world, the language of the English was general and widespread in all country and city. The language of the English is the one language that can communication to others community form others countries or cities. If someone were being unfamiliar with the English language, they will be eliminated by others, even if the get dirty looks, and ridicule by others. As a result, mostly people that without the education of the English, they English level were lower than others who were receive the education of the English. As a matter of fact, the people who do not know how to speak in the English they will mix the others language into a conversation, and this is name as ‘code switching’. To prevent the code switching occurs and happen, every one might improve the English level by training well as far as possible. Second to that, the school must pay attention to the students who was bad in English. Therefore, the school can take the action to solves and prevent the code swi tch occurs and happened in the school as fast as possible so as not to regret, and the students get the formal and correct English in learning. In addition to that, every teacher in the school may set oneself an example to others students so that the students would not have a bad habit. Apart from that, besides in the school and teachers, parents also have the responsibility to correct and to instill the right information to their own children, or they can sent them to the learning central. This is due to the reason that the children can learn the correct information from the learning central and to reduce the wrong. On the other hand, parents may push and give some motivate to their children for reading the English books, and watch the English drama or film. 4.0 Introduction to mobile phone The system of the cellular telephone is the way that providing portable phone service. Every mobile phone was connected by a radio link to a base station. In contrast, the link that liked to the mobile phone’s network which is the biggest machine in the planet. In addition to that, for the radio link there is nothing special because it was used for many years. What is the smart is that the cellular system because the base station were covers with a limit area. And once the mobile phones were moved away, the mobile phone still can connect because the connection is through the neighbour base. Above all, this system is called pass to a teammate, and it allow all the mobile phone, at the same time, it also allow the reuse the base of frequency that nearby. Apart from that, in the world of the globalization and the modernization, every community and people were having their own phone and even the children too. On top of that, in 1982 the first automatic mobile phone service was lau nched in Australia and with the first cellular mobile phone service following too. And now, in the world that globalization and modernization, the technology has become the central of our everyday culture and life with day and day. Nowadays, the mobile phone was invented to many kinds, like the smartphones. And now the mobile phone was brings many convenient to the community and people, we can called someone as easily as we can, besides the call, we have the text messaging, we chat, line, Facebook, so on of the apps for communication so that we can get the information or the data as fast as possible that we receive. Furthermore, the mobile phone also can use to routine work, like for the stocks, schedules, dictionary, alarm ,and everything that we want, we can find on the mobile phones. Due to the reason that is because of our work, we ignore our health life and everything like exercise, having a meal on time, reminder. In addition, we also have a video call to each other when we ov erseas or have a chat together. In the pass, the person in the world does not have any communication because the technology not develops very well. Or maybe we have to a call to relatives or friends, their communication are using by the telegraph. On the other hand, they also get the important data or information by writing a letter. Long time ago, when the mobile phone was invented, they cannot have a face time to each other, they need a date for gathering, party and so on. Sometimes we want the get the data or information that we want, we need to have a research in the library, and this is a more trouble to them. 5.0 Advantages of bringing mobile phones to classroom 5.0.1 Emergency Students that have a mobile phones in hand that can enable summoned assistance to someone when face emergency. Many studies have point out that the incidence that mostly occur in the school, like first aid, fire, get violence in the school, kidnapping and many possible that will happen in the school. When those students face those problem or these kinds of difficult, they can call someone as fast as possible. 5.0.2 Parents contact The school shall allow every student to carry their own phone because of the necessary from parents. For instance, the emergency from a family, the carrier problem, or the students arrangement with different, they may have a call to each other ability. Sometime, students were can request by a call because of the forgotten bringing the books, project, assignment, or sometime vital. 5.0.3 Children location Mostly mobile phones that has including the GPS sensor, the position of the mobile phone that has including the introduced the places in details. Moreover, parent can use it for pay more close attention for their child’s whereabouts. GPS sensor also provides the peace of mind to every parents and teacher for the missing students and children. 5.0.4 Memory Aids These days, mostly of the mobile phones have the camera, so that the children or students can capture the notes or picture by using the camera. Due to the reason this is more effective to having all the notes and not missing one. To further illustrate on this point, most student were focus on copy the note and miss what the lecture talking about the lesson, or sometimes, students pay attention to the lecture but neglect the notes. 5.05 Learning Aids Students can use the smartphones when in the lesson or class, they can use the apps of the education which is assist and design for the students. Based on the survey, the entire education program was similar and easy for learning in study. If a students need to search some datum for their work without the laptop or computer, they can use their phone immediately. 5.0.6 Dictionary When students face the words the never seen before or do not understand the meaning of it, they need to search the meaning of it in the dictionary but forgotten to bring it or don’t want to bring it because of its weight. Students may use their dictionary in their smartphones. This is because it can lighten the weight of bag and save the times to search it because it more easy and fast. 5.0.7 Calendar Almost every mobile phone has built-in the calendar function. For students, it could difficult to memorise everything. Such as the date of exam or pass up the homework, the deadline of pass up the project or assignment, so they can use this function to organize or distribute an alert for reminds them so that they will never forget it. 5.0.8 Voice notes Students may use the mobile phones recording. The pros of using voice recording function are faster to notes down and record all the important things, and it is a best and quickly way to track what they need to do and what should they do. It is no denying that students not always have a direct notepad to note it, so the used of the mobile phone is useful to write down the important things. 5.0.9 Calculator Most of the phone maintains the function of calculator. Mostly the high school need a calculator in the math course because they have many things to calculate such as the most calculation that we always used like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. 5.0.10 Internet access The one function in the mobile phone that most attract the students when break. Besides it was a functional tool to every student who studies in college or university. But some of the classroom cannot surf the internet so they need to bring the data for search the relevant information to complete the project or exercise. 6.0 Conclusion It goes without saying that this implying this method will bring about a positive outcome on their studies. Although some of the students may not pay attention in the class because of he or she keep playing their phone. Due to the reason, most of the teachers or lectures were feeling annoyance about this case. Henceforth, they set a law that not allow students bringing their mobile phone to the school, once they bring it, or the staff and lecture discover, college or university will punish them. For example, they will give a warning letter, a verbal warming, or will seizure it. Therefore, we should think about from the perspective of the students. To be frank, mostly students were not understand the difficult words they not brave to ask their teacher or lecture, so they just can keep quiet and pass it. Second to that, the college or university life was more stress and pressure than the primary and secondary school. The students need to rush for their assignment, so that they more nee d the mobile phone to complete everything. We can take the example of the students who always search the relevant information form the website. If they forgot to bring their laptop or no laptop, the only way to search at website is using the mobile phone. Last but not lease, students also can get the homework or information from the websites as fast as possible. As such, all the college or university shall support all the students bring their phones to college or university and not ban them to bringing it to college or university. References Callahan, L. (2011). Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code Switching edited by ISURIN, LUDMILA, DONALD WINFORD, KEES DE BOT. The Modern Language Journal, 95(2), pp.322323. Cirelli, C. (2014). Pros of Cell Phones in School. [online] LoveToKnow. Available at: http://cellphones.lovetoknow.com/Pros_of_Cell_Phones_in_School [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Dobson, J. and Hawkins, G. (1978). Conversation in English. 1st ed. New York: American Book Co. Eastman, C. (1990). Monica Heller (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 48). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1988. Pp. 278. Language in Society, 19(03), pp.442447. Google Books, (2014). Code-Switching in Conversation. [online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=enlr=id=DHk4-1SX3tYCoi=fndpg=PA1dq=introduction+to+code+switchingots=VCO4IIsil4sig=UsbcRlRNBb3sVlaBlyGBkKtM5Sc#v=onepageq=introduction to code switchingf=false [Accessed 29 Jun. 2014]. Hairydog.co.uk, (2014). Introduction to Mobile Phones. [online] Available at: http://www.hairydog.co.uk/cell2.html [Accessed 1 Jul. 2014]. Lee, W. and Lee, W. (1995). Mobile cellular telecommunications. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lucas, S. (1998). The art of public speaking. 1st ed. Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill. Park, H., Choi, J. and others, (2006). Design of an internal antenna with wide and multiband characteristic for mobile handset. Microwave and optical technology letters, 48(5), pp.947950. Appendix 1 Â   Â  

Ocular Manifestations in Hansen’s Disease

Ocular Manifestations in Hansen’s Disease Christina Samuel1, Sundararajan D2 1Postgraduate, 2HOD. Department Of Ophthalmology, Meenakshi Medical College, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT Background: Leprosy or Hansen’s disease is a chronic mildly contagious granulomatous disease of tropical and subtropical regions caused by the rod shaped bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It affects the skin, peripheral nerves in hands and feet, mucous membrane of nose, throat and eyes. When left untreated it is capable of producing various deformities and disfigurements. Aim: To study the ocular involvement in patients with Leprosy under the parameters of age group, sex type and duration of leprosy. To study the different ocular manifestations and identify the potentially sight threatening lesions and provide early management. Methods: A prospective study of 50 cases diagnosed with Hansen’s disease were included. Detailed history and thorough clinical examination done. Potentially sight threatening lesions were managed conservatively or surgically. Results: Out of 50 cases of Leprosy, 58% had ocular involvement and majority were of the age group 21-40years. Ocular involv ement was predominantly seen in Lepromatous type with 35% having ocular lesions. The most common ocular manifestation observed was superciliary madarosis(48%). Potentially sight threatening lesions accounted for 72.4% of which lagophthalmos was common. No cases of blindness seen. Conclusion: Visual impairment is preventable in Leprosy if detected early. The risk of ocular complications increases with the duration of the disease, despite being treated with systemic anti-leprosy drugs. Keywords: Leprosy (Hansen’s disease), lepromatous, tuberculoid, slit skin smear, ocular involvement INTRODUCTION Leprosy or Hansen’s disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by an intracellular rod shaped acid fast bacilli Mycobacterium leprae which affects the skin, nasal mucosa, peripheral nerves and the anterior segment of the eye.1 Mycobacterium laprae was discovered by a Norwegian physician G.Armauer Hansen in the year 1874.1 The most ancient writings of ‘’SUSHRUTA SAMHITA’’ compiled in 600BC refers to leprosy as Vat Rakta or Vat Shonita and Kushtha2,3. Leprosy occurs in all ages and both sexes. Male: Female ratio is 2:14. Leprosy bacilli has a predilection for neural tissue and their target is Schwann cell. The fate and type of leprosy depends on the resistance and immunity of the affected individual5 ( Jopling, Mc Douglass 1996). There are 11million cases throughout the world and about 1/3rd have ocular manifestations.6 Prevalence of blindness due to leprosy is 4.7% of the population in India.7,8 Various studies shows ocular involvement in Leprosy patients. The frequency and types of involvement depends on the duration and form of the disease.2,9 Ocular lesions are common in lepromatous type of leprosy and presents with lepromatous nodules, conjunctivitis, keratitis, pannus, scleritis and uveitis. Lesions are rare in Tuberculoid type of leprosy and are secondary to the involvement of branches of facial nerve which presents with paralytic lagophthalmos, exposure keratitis and neurotrophic keratitis. Acute iridocyclitis and scleritis are seen in type 2 lepra reaction occurring in lepromatous leprosy.6 Blindness has been reported in 7% of patients secondary to lagophthalmos, uveitis, exposure keratitis and cataract8. Proper attention and early detection can prevent potentially sight threatening lesions. MATERIALS AND METHOD The present study was carried out in the out patient Department. of Ophthalmology and In patient department of Dermatology at Meenakshi Medical College and Hospital, Kanchipuram from March 2012-May 2014. In this study a total of 50 patients were taken, 38 males and 12 females of the age group 20years and above . Prior to the study an informed consent form from the patients and ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Inclusion Criteria: All diagnosed cases of leprosy. Old and new cases, both genders and age group of 20 years and above. Exclusion Criteria: Non compliant patients, Patients with pre existing ocular disorders due to other causes than leprosy. Type of study: A cross sectional descriptive study for a period of 14 months. Procedure: Relevant details of both ocular and systemic history, including details of lepra reaction and clinical examination of patients was recorded on a proforma. A detailed slit lamp examination of the anterior segment of eye was done. Visual Acuity recorded with help of Snellen’s chart10. Corneal sensation was checked with a wisp of cotton. IOP was recorded with help of Schiotz tonometer10. Fundus examination with 78D and IDO done. Lab investigations like haemogram, ESR, Urine routine and RBS done. Slit skin smear and skin biopsy from the ear lobe was performed by the Dermatologist and report obtained as positive for M.leprae (Ziehl Neelsen technique)11. Patients were started on systemic anti leprosy drugs(multi drug therapy) and treatment for lepra reactions. Patients with ocular manifestations were treated accordingly to their need of Lubricant eye drops, topical antibiotic with steroid drops, eye ointments, frequent blinking exercises, physiotherapy, lid taping at nigh t time and spectacle correction. RESULTS: In this study of 50 patients with leprosy, majority belonged to the age group of 21-40years (46%). 76% were males and 24% were females. Out of 50 cases, 30% were tuberculoid type, 22% lepromatous type and 48% borderline type. Out of 50 cases 58% had ocular involvement in which 45% were within the age group 21-40years. Out of the 29 cases with ocular involvement 72% were males. 35%with ocular manifestations were of lepromatous type of leprosy. 41.4% gave a positive history of lepra reaction. The ocular involvement was directly proportional to the duration of leprosy. 55% had leprosy more than 5 years. Superciliary madarosis (48%) was the most common ocular manifestation. The potentially sight threatening lesions were Lagophthalmos(35%), seen more in lepromatous type(14%). 28% had corneal hypoesthesia, 21% with exposure keratitis, 17% had corneal opacity, anterior uveitis and conjunctivitis each accounted for 7%. It was interesting to note that 60% of patients with lagophthalm os had exposure keratitis. DISCUSSION: The involvement of eyes in leprosy is due to infiltration of the tissues by the bacilli and damage to the nerves12. In this study 58% of the patients had ocular involvement. This can be compared to other studies of Wani.S.et al 2005 which showed 69% of ocular involvement, Gnanadoss A S et al 1986 showed 59.2% 13. Studies conducted by Shields shows 33% of potentially sight threatening lesions which included keratitis, iritis, lagophthalmos and secondary glaucoma14. In our study the potentially sight threatening lesions were lagophthalmos, exposure keratitis, uveitis, corneal hypoesthesia and corneal opacity which accounted nearly for 72.4%. Majority of the patients in our study were of the age group 21-40 years and male predominance was seen in both for, affected eyes with leprosy(76%) and ocular involvement (72%). This can be compared with the study by Wani.S et al (82.6%)12 which also showed predominance for men. This study further shows that ocular manifestation were se en more in lepromatous leprosy (75.36%) followed by borderline(14.49%) and tuberculoid leprosy(10.14%)12. In our study conducted, ocular involvement was 35% in lepramotous, 31% in borderline and 17% in tuberculoid type. The reason being that M.leprea has a favourable environment in the anterior segment of the eye and the bacilli is found more in lepromatous type of leprosy. Madarosis was the commonest ocular manifestation in our study which was about 48% when compared with Shield’s 1974(54%)14 and Acharaya B P (59.2%)15 and Wani.S. et al (72.46%)12. Lagophthalmos accounts for 35% in our study when compared to Wani.S et al (28.98%)12 , Acharaya B P (34.3%)15 , Lamba et al 1983 (13%)16 , Shields 1974 (29%)14 and Weerekon 1972 (27%)17. Lagophthalmos is commonly associated with lepra reaction in the face and damage to the facial nerve and also depends in patients with lepromatous leprosy(14%) which is similar to the observation by Wani.S et al (18.84%)12. In this study corneal in volvement was seen in 66% of the patients, corneal hypoesthesia 28%, exposure keratitis 21% and corneal opacity in 17%. In the study conducted by Wani.S et al corneal involvement (36.23%)12 . Radhakrishnan N et al observed that the major cause of blindness in leprosy was exposure keratitis due to lagophthalmos(23%) and leucoma (25%)18. Cataractous changes in lens was seen in 17% of the patients, but it was not a complication due to leprosy or MDT but merely due to senile lens changes in the older age group of the patients in our study. This is also supported by the study from Gnanadoss A S et al13. Iris pearls seen in anterior uveitis are said to be the pathognomic of leprosy19,20. But in our study uveitis was observed only in 7% of the patients when compared to Wani S et al12 which showed 31.88%. This probably is due to the small sample size of our study and also the duration of leprosy not being more than 10 years for all patients ,because uveitis is seen mostly in chronic cases o f leprosy. This is supported by various studies like Lamba 1983 16(14%), Hornblass 197321 (16%) and Gnanadoss A S et al 198613 (5.6%). In this study all patients with ocular manifestations were either treated formerly(58.6%) or presently (41.4%) with systemic anti leprosy drugs. Courtright et al suggested that ocular pathology will still occur in MDT treated leprosy patients22. Thus treatment does not prevent the occurrence of ocular lesions12. Moreover once the patient is on treatment the ocular reaction is seen more in the first 6-12 months due to reactions23. The progressive leprosy related lesions are the result of chronic nerve damage. CONCLUSION: The risk of ocular lesions increases with the duration of disease, lepra reaction and facial patches in this reaction. Screening of all patients affected with leprosy can help in identifying the potentially sight threatening lesions which can be treated earlier. Visual impairment if detected early is preventable. The Multi Drug therapy for leprosy has improved the outcome of the affected with leprosy but does not retard the development of ocular complication. LIMITATIONS: Owing to the small sample size in this study many other ocular manifestations could not be assessed. A relationship between uveitis, Complicated cataract and leprosy can be suggested if the patients presents with a longer duration of leprosy more than 10 years, as in this study we had only 4 patients in that category. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is with the sense of accomplishment and deep gratitude that we dedicate the work to all those who have been instrumental in its completion. We are greatly thankful to the RMO, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Kanchipuram. To our Associate Professors, Assistant Professors, Colleagues and Staffs of the Department of Ophthalmology and Dermatology for their timely help, support and constant guidance in our work. REFERENCE 1.Lewallen, Paul Courtright. An overwiew of ocular leprosy after two decades of multidrug therapy. International Ophthalmology Clinics world blindness. Sept2004, vol47(3):87-99. 2. Dharmendra. History of spread and decline of leprosy. Leprosy.Vol I, Bombay: Kothari Medical Publishing House,197;7-21. 3. Rastogi N, Rastogi RC. Leprosy in ancient India. Int J Lepr 1984;52:541-3. 4. Park K. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 17thedn., Jabalapur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, 2002; 242-253. 5. The disease In: Handbook of Leprosy, 5th edn., Delhi CBS Publishers and distribution; 1996;10-53. 6. Sihota. Tandon disease of uveal tract. Chapter 17.Parsons’ Diseases of the Eye,20th Edition. New Delhi. Elsivier 2007;239-72. 7. Thompson Allardice et al, Patterns of ocular morbidity and blindness in leprosy: Leprosy review vol 77(2) June 2006. 8. Ffytche TJ. Residual sight threatening lesions in leprosy patient completing Multidrug therapy and Sulphone monotherapy, Lepr. Rev, 1991;62: 35-43. 9. Mark J. Mannis Mascai, Arthur. Leprosy, chapter 62. Eye and skin disease, Lippincott- Raven publishers, 1996;543-50. 10. Orthoptists and Prescribing in NSW, VIC and SA. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists. Retrieved 29 July 2010. 11. PVS Prasad. Microbiology. In: all about leprosy. 1st edn. Jaypee brothers publishers,2005.pg 4-11. 12. Junaid S. Wani, Saiba Rashid M.S. Ocular manifestations in leprosy- A clinical study; JK- Practitioner 2005; 12(1): 14-17. 13. Gnanadoss AS, Rajendran N. Ocular lesions in Hansen’s (leprosy). IJO 1986;34:19-23. 14.Jerry A Shields; George O; Waring; AJO,1974,77;880-890. 15. Acharaya B P. Ocular involvement in Leprosy- A study in mining areas of India. IJO 1978; 26:21-4. 16. Lamba PA; Arthanariswaran: Leprosy India 1983,55;490. 17. Lloyd Weerekon: BJO. 1972,56;106. 18. Radhakrishnan N, Albert S. Blindness due to leprosy. IJO 1980;28:19-21. 19. Ffytche. T.J., 1981, Trans. Ophthal. Soc. U.K. 101:325. 20. Hogeweg, M. Leiker, 1983, Brit J Dermat.109:477. 21. Albert Hornblass: AJO.1973,75;478. 22. Courtright. P., Lu Fang Hu. Multi drug therapy and eye diseases in leprosy. A cross sectional study in People’s Republic of China. Int . J. Epidemiol. 1994;23(4):835-42. 23. Dr. Margreet Hogeweg, Prevention of Blindness due to Leprosy. ICEH, http://www.iceh.org.uk.

Comparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar -- comparison compare

Comparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar    In William Shakespeare's play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, two speeches are given to the people of Rome about Caesar's death. In Act 3, Scene 2 of this play Brutus and Antony both try to sway the minds of the Romans toward their views. Brutus tried to make the people believe he killed Caesar for a noble cause. Antony tried to persuade the people that the conspirators committed an act of brutality toward Caesar and were traitors. The effectiveness and ineffectiveness of both Antony's and Brutus's speech to the people are conveyed through tone and rhetorical devices. Brutus made his speech effective in persuading the people by using tone and rhetorical devices. Brutus was compassionate when referring to how he loved Caesar as much as Caesar`s friends of his speech. Brutus was showing compassion on lines18 - 20 when he said, "If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar's, to him I say that Brutus's love to Caesar was no less than his." Brutus said this to help the people understand the sorrow he felt for the loss of Caesar, but he felt he killed Caesar for the good of Rome. Brutus anticipated an objection by the people when he said he loved Caesar , so he went on to say on lines 20 - 23, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: Not that I love Caesar less, but Rome more."Brutus manipulated the people with rhetorical questions. He asks them on lines 29 - 33, " who is so base, that they would be a bondman, who is so rude, that they would not be a Roman, and who is so vile, that will n ot love his country," the people do not want to be against their country nor do they want to be so base to be a slave.... ...ns. This made Antony's speech more effective in the fact that he used detailed reasoning for why Caesar was not ambitious. This was why the people came to his favor in the end. The tones and rhetorical devices they used helped to capture their audience by appealing to their emotions and helping to move the views of Antony and Brutus's views across to their listeners. Comparing effectiveness and ineffectiveness of both speeches was important in determining which way the people would be swayed. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Chelsea House Publisher; Connecticut, New York, & Pennsylvania. 1988, Pg. #33 - 36 Durband, Alan. Shakespeare Made Easy: Julius Caesar. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; New York. 1985. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.

Symbols of Steinbeck’s Social Commentary Essays -- Literary Analysis

People in the 1930s were fighting a losing battle with themselves. They were approaching a depression, facing the eyes of war, and trying to stay on their feet with what little resources they had. Most were farmers and made a living by manual labor. The majority of what they owned, they made themselves. Such is the setting in John Steinbeck’s critically acclaimed short story â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†. In this story, Steinbeck set out to paint a portrait of what the conditions of the people were really like, but in a different light. Instead of focusing on technicalities, he focused on what the heart of America was going through—the struggles between what social standards expected and what individuals desired. In â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, Steinbeck uses the characters Elisa Allen, the Tinker, and Henry Allen to exemplify the different personas of the time, and to reveal certain truths of society associated with each. Elisa Allen lives a peaceful life, but is fighting a constant battle with the prejudicial, parental society against her as a female. As Kenneth Kempton, author of Short Stories for Study, notes, â€Å"whether it is freedom suggested by the nomadic life of the tinker, or children symbolized by her care of the young plants, or manliness as indicated by her delight in her strength and her masochist scrubbing of her body in the bath, or a normal sex life hinted at by her tenseness with when with her possibly impotent husband, or merely her lost youth as implied at the end†, Elisa is struggling inwardly. Beginning with a detailed description of the Salinas River Valley, which is enclosed in fog like a pot, the physical surroundings echo Elisa’s lifestyle. In fact, â€Å"the chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her ene... ...n the â€Å"bright direction† of the Tinker. Had the Tinker been better able to support himself, perhaps he would not have had to throw Elisa’s chrysanthemums on the side of the road. Opportunity, although presented to each of the characters, was never fully grasped, and so it remained, that â€Å"fog and rain did not go together†. Works Cited Kempton, Kenneth Payson. "Objectivity as Approach." Short Stories for Study. Cambridge [Mass.: Harvard UP, 1953. 120-24. Print. Palmerino, Gregory J. "Steinbeck's THE CHRYSANTHEMUMS." Rev. of "The Chrysanthemums" Explicator 62.3 (2004): 164-67. Literary Reference Center. Web. Price, Victoria. "The Chrysanthemums." Masterplots. 4th ed. Pasadena, CA: Salem, 2011. 1-3. Print. Sheets-Nesbitt, Anna, ed. "The Chrysanthemums." Short Story Criticism. Ed. Anja Barnard. Vol. 37. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. 320-63. Print.

The Case of the Lightning Strike

In forwarded e-mails across the country are many stories of frivolous lawsuits with huge payouts.   First, there is the story of Kathleen Roberson who won $780,000 after breaking her ankle tripping over her own son in a furniture store.   Carl Truman of Los Angeles won $74,000 when a neighbor reversed over his hand with a Honda Accord.   The court knew that he had sustained this injury in his attempt to steal the hubcaps, yet ruled in his favor anyway.   The case that I am about to present to you is almost as silly as the first two, but the tone of the article is perfectly serious one in a national publication (Reader’s Digest). Van Maussner and three of his friends went golfing at a country club in Atlantic City.   The skies were dark with rain clouds, but the sports enthusiasts would not allow it to put a damper on their time.   After they reached the 12th hole, Maussner was struck by lightning and nearly died of his injuries.   Later, he sued the course for negligence, as they did not have the â€Å"proper safety procedures in place to protect patrons from lighting†(Gerber, 152). He lost at the lower court, but won at the Superior Court who ruled, â€Å"injuries through acts of God don’t exempt courses from liability†(Gerber, 153).   Is it any wonder why frivolous lawsuits flourish when companies are liable for events beyond their control?   Whatever happened to checking the weather report before going out and a little thing called personal responsibility? This paper will examine the case of the plaintiff and isolate the flaws in his argument. First, the article mentions that the men â€Å"prided themselves on hitting the links throughout the year, regardless of the weather†(p. 151).  Ã‚  Ã‚   This point is relevant because it would imply that it did not matter what the weather channel or club personnel warned—they would have gone about their business regardless.   In fact, the club checked the reports before allowing them on the course in the first place since there was no mention of lightning in the forecast. In a similar case (Ned P. Harris v. United States of America) the plaintiff was going rock climbing when he was struck by lightning.   When it came to court, the judge dismissed the case because, â€Å"He saw no power in the plaintiff’s argument that the National Park Service was to blame for his current situation†(Percelay, 68). The second argument the plaintiff made was that there was no system in place to protect players from inclement weather.   In fact, the club had an evacuation process for more than 40 years: at the first sign of bad weather, employees would cart around the golf course and warn players off.   In fact, two caddies tried to get the group to seek shelter, â€Å"but the men decided against it†(Gerber, 152). Third, it was further argued that â€Å"the country club did not have signs posted about its evacuation plan, nor did it begin telling players to seek shelter at neighboring houses until after his accident.   If the club had proper precautions in place, he would not have suffered the injuries†(Gerber, 153).   Under U.S. Law, if a corporation has an evacuation procedure in place but does not utilize it correctly, it may be held liable. Under scrutiny was â€Å"whether the club [promoted safety] in the way it posted evacuation notices and monitored dangerous conditions, and if it should have built shelters and provided and audible signal†(Gerber, 153).   Would such a system truly prevent lighting strikes in the future?   History has shown a large number of people knowingly venture out in spite of unfavorable weather conditions, i.e. storm trackers, scientists, the curious, and the careless.   Anyone that exposes themselves willingly to extreme weather takes his own life in his hands. In sum, the article tried to achieve balance by including both sides of the story.   However, in creating sympathy for Maussner by implying the negligence of the country club, Gerber tacitly encourages the abdication of personal responsibility for universal liability if it includes the possibility of safety for everyone.   Also, frivolous lawsuits give rise to more frivolous lawsuits. Five years ago, (9 years after Maussner’s case was settled) obese teenagers sued McDonald’s for making them fat. â€Å"McDonald's is responsible for their obesity because it did not provide the necessary information about the health risks associated with its meals†(Santora).   This was the first case of its kind heard in court.   In order for society to get back on track, people need to assume responsibility for their own choices and accept the consequences, whatever they may be. Works Cited Gerber, Robin. â€Å"You Be the Judge: When lightning strikes a golfer, is the country club at fault?† Reader’s Digest. August 2007, pp. 151-153 Percelay, James. Whiplash!: America’s Most Frivolous Lawsuits. Riverside, NJ: Andrews McMeel Publishing Santora, Marc. â€Å"Teenagers’ Suit Says McDonald’s Made Them Obese.† The New York Times. 21 Nov. 2002 Accessed 20 Aug. 2007 at http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health;res=9A0DE7DC1439F932A15752C1A9649C8B63 ;

Effects on Conflict in Northern Ireland Essay

Social segregation is one of the effects of the conflict on the people of Northern Ireland. The Protestants and the Catholics grew up in an atmosphere of tension and violence. They each received different education, each praising their own and condemning the deeds of the other. In addition, most of them live in separate residential areas. The Belfast ‘peace’ wall is one of many walls built to separate Protestants and Catholics. The violence in the country also means that the Protestants and the Catholics believe that their own people were right and the other party was responsible for the conflict. Thus the young people of Northern Ireland could grow up without meeting anyone from the other community. This has led to the lack of understanding between the two religious groups. Thus it led to the growth of hatred and prejudices between them. With increased hostility, violence continued to rise. The economy of Northern Ireland was also affected by the conflict. Prior to the conflict, many overseas companies were invested in Northern Ireland. Tourists came to the country as it was peaceful and attractive. As a result of the conflict, both foreign investments and tourism declined. The foreign-owned factories closed down when violence increased operating costs in Northern Ireland. The constant threat of bombings and high cost of security drove away large manufacturers in great numbers. People were afraid of their safety and did not want to come to Northern Ireland and investors were afraid to invest there too. This reduced the revenue (income) for Northern Ireland, leading to declining economy. The conflict also affected Northern Ireland politically. Prior to the conflict, the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) organized several demonstrations to end discrimination against the Catholics. The Civil Rights marches pressured the Northern Ireland government to pass anti-discrimination measures in Northern Ireland. As a result of the conflict, the government agreed to abolish the unequal voting system. After Bloody Sunday in 1972, an agreement was reached to introduce power-sharing between the Catholics and Protestants in 1998. However this agreement has not been fully implemented as different political parties refused to share power. Among all 3, the most serious effect is the social segregation. This is because it leads to many young people in Northern Ireland growing up with hatred and prejudice towards the other community. With the rise of prejudice, there would be no end to the conflict in Northern Ireland. If prejudice can be overcome, there would be better understanding among people of Protestants and Catholics especially the youth. This would reduce violence, leading to greater reconciliation and greater success at both political reforms and the return of investments and tourists. Nur Liyana

Advanced Criminology

Anthropological research data has shown the violence is an inherent conduct among the primate species (Walker, 2001).   In society, criminal violence is a common occurrence and legislators have suggested that the behavior of criminals be analyzed in order to identify any psychological patterns that are consistent among these particular types of individuals.In the past few decades, neurobiologists have proposed that an individual’s condition, which encompasses empathy, morality and free will, is holistically influenced by the frequency of stimulation and assembly of the neurons of an individual.   Such notion is contradictory to the concept of Cartesian dualism, which states that the brain and the mind are two independent entities that coordinate with each other.To date, the accumulation of research reports from the field of neuroscience is gradually affecting the concepts and effectivity of the justice system because of the shifting in the concept of human behavior and res ponse to different stimuli.   Neuroscience has influenced our current understanding of the multiple factors that govern violent behavior among criminals.NATURE VERSUS NURTURE THEORY OF CRIMEThe theory of nature versus nurture pertains to the controversy on whether inherent qualities of a biological organism, which is depicted as â€Å"nature†, is related or influenced by the experiences, condition or situation of that particular species (â€Å"nurture†).   The concept the human being develop specific behavioral patterns based on their environment is termed tabula rasa or blank state.This notion is considered to be a major influence in the development of an individual.   These external settings of an individual play a major role in the psychology of an individual, including his anti-social, aggression and criminal behavior.It has thus been questioned for several decades whether criminals are born or could these particular individuals emerge after successive events in their lives that result in the transformation of a normal individual to a criminal.To date, there is much debate over the mechanism behind the entire concept of criminality.   Biologically or non-biologically influenced, criminality remains an elusive subject that still needs to be comprehensively analyzed.The 19th century classic report of Phineas Gage regarding the anti-social behavior that emerged after massive damage of the prefrontal cortex of his brain from a railroad accident is now considered as the birth of the field of forensic neurology (Harlow, 1848).Today, computerized imaging of his fractured skull has shown that the autonomic and social nerve systems are the specific damages that were affected, thus resulting in a totally different individual.   Such observation, together with research results gathered from war veterans, has led to the conclusion that violent criminal behavior is caused by injuries to the frontal lobe of the brain.  It has then been proposed that injury to the prefrontal cortex of the brain causes a condition that has been coined as acquired sociopathy or pseudopsychopath (Blair and Cipolotti, 2000).   It is interesting to know that there is an 11% reduction in the size of the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex among patients diagnosed with anti-social personality disorder (APD) (Raine et al., 2000).A related observation has also been observed between intelligence and alterations in the grey matter of the prefrontal cortex.The temporal lobe of the brain has also been determined to influence an individual’s emotional response and aggression, wherein lesions in the amygdale of the temporal lobe result in an individual’s failure to recognize fear and sadness among the faces of other people (van Elst et al., 2001).The connection between the decreased expression of the monoamine oxidase A enzyme and reactive violence has already been established (Caspi et al., 2002).Monoamine oxidase A is responsible for t he catabolism of monoamines such as serotonin (5-HT).   The working hypothesis currently accepted is that the prefrontal-amygdala connection is altered, resulting in a dysfunctional aggressive and violent behavior, resulting in criminality in particular individuals.Earnest A. Hooton (1887 – 1954) is a highly acclaimed physical anthropologist and evolutionist.   Much of his work focused on interindividual variations based on physiological and anatomical characteristics, including measurements of buttock-knee lengths as the main basis for constructing seats for the Pennsylvania railway trains.Hooton was also recognized for his concepts in primatology and comparative anatomy as basis for explaining differences in the human as well as primate species.He was successful in describing a primary race, of which can be further subdivided in several racial subtypes.   He is a proponent of the concept of eugenics, which involves genetic selection of traits that are deemed beneficia l to the current population.The field of eugenics has been an interest in the field of biology and medicine because it facilitates the creation of new haplotypes that may be positively selection in the course of evolution.Hooton’s work is also significant to our current scientific concept of crime because he persistently attempted to prove that criminal have biologically distinct characteristics from non-criminals.His anthropological work on physical differences based on a population of approximately 13,873 male prisoners from 10 different states across the United States.   His results strengthened his claim on the biological causes of violence and aggression and that his claimed that criminal behavior is a simple representation of an inferior type of human species that has degenerated.Unfortunately, Hooton was inadequate in integrating the concept of population genetics into his research because he haphazardly took 3,023 men from the general population to conduct a compara tive analysis of physical differences.   His measurement of foreheads, eyelids, ears, cheekbones, jaws, chins and shoulders resulted in a confusing supportive evidence for his claim.He explained in one of his published works that biology plays a major role in the development of individuals and society and that the environment is wrongly blamed for any failure that befalls an individual (Hooton, 1939).The research claim of Hooton had sparked more effort into determining the basis behind criminality.   Other researchers from different fields of specialization ridicules Hooton’s work, describing it as the comical attempt in defining criminal behavior.The general reaction to Hooton’s claim that criminals are biologically inferior was condemned.   Sociologists refused to accept the notion that physical unattractiveness is strongly correlated to criminal behavior.The advent of eugenics in combination with criminality has sparked interest in designed specialized techniq ues that may be applied to individuals that show physical and anatomical features that are consistently observed among criminals.An advocate of Hooton’s concept on the physical basis of criminality would assertively promote selective management of populations in order to eventually generate a prime standard of individuals in the next generation that is distinct from the features that Hooton described that are strongly correlated with criminality.   An advocate of the biological connection of criminality would employ the concept of eugenics in screening individuals that show a potential to show criminal and anti-social behavior.   To make things more complex, the features that Hooton described may also be used as criteria in admission to schools and workhouses.An extreme reaction would even results in construction of facilities that would enclose candidates or suspects for criminal behavior.   A biological discrimination would thus be observed and this unfair basis of sc reening individuals would create more chaos in society.Eugenics may also be translated as a screening tool in picking which criminals will be kept in prison and which individuals will be freed and this action will be mainly based on the biological features of whether the criminal may be rehabilitated or transformed into a normal non-aggressive person.The so-called degenerate individuals would be kept off the streets in order to prevent interaction with non-degenerate individuals, as well as to prevent future crimes in the community.   In addition, society would be introduced to the option of strictly selecting partners for marriage because they will be taught to pick partners that show obvious physical differences from the consensus physical features of criminals.THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIMEThe self-control theory as proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) couples an argument regarding the driving force behind criminality and the features of a criminal act.   Gottfredson and H irschi contend that crime is similar to other out of control and unlawful actions such as alcoholism and smoking because it generates in an individual a temporary yet immediate feeling of gratification.This kind of action is created by a condition that is characterized by low self-control.   The authors claim that the condition of having poor self-control is an innate condition that is set in place during the early childhood at around 7 or 8 years of age.   In relation to the mechanism behind criminality, the authors explain that crime is a straightforward action to results in gratification in an individual.Such perception of crime is associated with a number of implications to the general theory of crime.   Firstly, the general theory of crime presents that crime is an uncomplicated action that does not need any strategic preparation or intricate knowledge.Secondly, the general theory of crime is related to a number of elements that are included in the theory of routine activ ities because just like other uncontrolled acts, crimes are not planned and it is easy for individuals with low self-esteem to be easily motivated to commit such acts.In addition, criminality is strongly influenced by external factors such as the scarcity of easy targets as well as the presence of associates that are capable of helping or even performing a criminal act.The theory of crime by Gottfredson and Hirschi regarding the early age of 7 or 8 also entails that the longitudinal analysis of crime is not necessary and that age-correlated theories of crime are confusing.The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi also considers the fundamental argument regarding age and the unlawful act.   It is actually different from what is presented at general courses in criminology regarding the analysis of age-crime correlations and social factors that are related to crime.A distinction of the general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi is that the age-crime linkage is ve ry different through time, location and culture that the age-crime correlation is irrelevant of any social explanation.   Their general theory of crime also describes that criminals continue to perform unlawful acts of crime even during marriage and eventually end up as unmarried criminals.The same thing goes with offenders who are currently employed—these individuals generally continue on as offenders and the only difference after some time is that they lose their jobs.The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi thus presents an argument against the connection of crime with marriage and employment thus showing that a criminal is incompetent in maintaining a relationship in a marriage or a commitment to work because he is commonly known as person of very low command of his control.Their presentation of the force behind criminality is thus focused on self-control and the authors point out that most investigations regarding criminality do not include this concept.à ‚  The authors explain that most of the concepts on crime describe the possible notions of the criminal.   Gottfredson and Hirschi thus provide a revolutionary concept of crime that describes that the nature of crime is actually simple because it easily connects the concept of individuals and their immediate environment.They proposed that most crimes are easily performed because there is no need for complex preparations.   In addition, a criminal act does not actually impart a lot of deleterious consequences.   They describe that crimes usually happen late at night or very early in the morning to any individual.   There is also no requirement for training or skills to perform a criminal act.The authors also explain the concept that crime does not pay because most criminal acts result in small to negligible benefits.   In the cases that do provide any benefits, the criminals tend to fail with the criminal act or they are highly exposed thus resulting in a lot of risks such as being caught and eventually put in jail.The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi also present the conditions that make a situation conducive to crime.   They describe that routine activities play an important factor for a crime to happen because these provide the predictability of the movements and activities of the target individual.Criminals often study how their target victim goes around, comes home or leaves the house.   If the target individual has a routine schedule that is very predictable, the criminal will have a very easy way to know  Ã‚   the best time for him to invade the house of the target victim.The same factors also influence other criminal acts such as rape, wherein the target female victim may probably pass through the same route late at night and the criminal may pick a day at that particular time when not so much people at around and he can attack his victim at the particular time when the female victim is walking along the street late at night.   These settings of predictability of routine activities are actually very beneficial to the criminal and this outweighs the risks of performing the criminal act.Other theories of crime that do not consider these features of crime generally analyze other factors that are not consistent with the empirical information about crime (Walker, 2001).   The other theories actually claim the each crime has a different force that pushes the criminal to perform such unlawful act.In addition, other theories state that substantial knowledge and training are needed in order for a criminal to successfully perform a crime.   The general theory of crime of Gottfredson and Hirschi thus provides a simple yet comprehensible explanation of the force behind criminality.SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMEThere are several sociological theories in the field of criminology.   The Social Control Theory explains that the utilization of the socialization procedure and social learning results in self- control and decreases the chances that an individual will succumb to an anti-social type of behavior.This theory was strongly addressed by Travis Hirschi and it follows the Positivist, Neo-Classical and Right Realism schools of thought (Akers, 2000).   This theory resulted from the Functionalist concepts of crime and suggests that there are four modes of control.The first mode of control is direct, which pertains to imminent punishment based on unlawful action.   This mode of control is also associated with rewards in the case the compliance of the individual is observed.The second mode of control is indirect, which pertains to desistance in performing unlawful acts due to his conscience.   Another mode of control is internal, which is related to self-identification of delinquency and its associated pain and disappointment to the people around the individual.A fourth type of control is satisfaction, wherein an individual will not perform an evil act if he is content with his c urrent conditions.   Hence the Social Control Theory suggests that individuals will not perform any criminal act if their relationships, value and beliefs are intact.The Strain Theory of criminology explains that the society and its related levels and sublevels persuade individuals to perform criminal acts (Agnew, 1992).   This theory was proposed by Emile Durkheim and was further supported by Merton, Cohen and Messner and Rosenfeld.   It has been determined that strain may be of two levels.Structural strain pertains to the processes in society that influence an individual’s perception of his needs.   On the other hand, individual strain pertains to the hostility and suffering that an individual experiences during his search for things that will make him happy.   Hence the strain theories present the connection between structural and functional bases for criminal actions.The structural basis for criminality explains the processes behind actions, as well as finding a n event with a bigger concept of sites, distances and associations.   The functional basis for criminality explains how independent sections fit and result as a bigger system.   Hence all systems are influenced by sections that cooperate with each other and that any impediment that occurs in a particular section will result in a failure of the entire system.This means that either a replacement or a repair should be performed in order to make a system functional again.