Perfact reflection for a refer dissertation Essay

Perfact reflection for a refer dissertation - Essay ExampleI discovered I have poor season management skills because of the fact that I was un equal to(p) to fully adhere to the time schedule that I had set for myself and in most cases I was forced to carry forward legitimate tasks beyond the deadline that I had previously set.I should great strengths in regards to records keeping and management since I was able to refer back easily to all the records that I had collected before starting to write the dissertation. Secondly, I showed great strengths in handling plurality since none of the respondents was harsh to me or refused to cooperate. This showed that I knew how to convince people and engage them in conversation up to the point they willingly agree to participate in my inquiry project.The main problem that I encountered was limited secondary resources that right away touched on my query study or objectives. This is to say that the number of scholarly books and articles th at touched of personal selling and in stores, sales of berry in stores that are located in China were not easily available.The lack of scholarly books and articles that directly covered my dissertation topic or objectives did not discourage me, but rather it confirmed that my research project was unique and it was bound to help in building the body of knowledge in selling studies. That said, I solved the problem by relying on scholarly books and articles that indirectly touched on the subject, for pillow slip sources that touched on direct marketing and personal selling were completely relevant and useful.Secondly, I utilize the use of internet sources from credible sites that touched on my research topic directly or indirectly, these sources helped to pair the gap caused by limited scholarly books and articles.The methodology that I chose incorporated the application of both radical and secondary research, which validated the research findings in the sense that secondary data were used to validate

Foundations of Finance and Financial Management Assignment

Foundations of pay and Financial Management - Assignment Example4) There could be multiple reasons why this free military rank would have angered the issuer of bonds. It could be because that the rating company is not familiar with the firm policies and has not taken into account some of the necessary information that would have given a completely different wobble or picture to the bond rating. Similarly, the rating published by this company could have put-off some of the authorisation investors from investing into these bonds and hence the issuer of the bonds would have lose some of the potential money that they could have borrowed by exit bonds.2) The logic behind this model is that dividend grows at a constant rate in perpetuity. By perpetuity we mean that the dividend payments leave behind continue forever and hence the value of stock will be affect to next years dividend divided by required rate of return minus assumed dividend growth.3) There atomic number 18 multiple reasons for that. The first reason is those preferred stockholders have a immediate claim on companys scratch which is before the real owners of the company- ordinary stockholder. Similarly, the dividend percentage is fixed and if the company cannot pay it in the current year, it will have to pay it in the future.

Economic Turmoil and Risk of War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Turmoil and Risk of War - Essay ExamplePatrick Purcell (2010) exclamatory the authoritarian regimes can influence the outcome of economic turmoil. The authoritarian pronouncement does not answer to the people. The authority is concentrated on a few unelected persons. Such person implement political repressions and the elimination of other parties to freely be elected for a government position. In some countries, the authoritarian leader forcibly takes the reigns of government from the duly elected officials. The power grabbers form a government and impressing on the people that they go away intervene in the current economic turmoil by grabbing all the assets of the state and equally distributing the wealth among the people. The economic turmoil of the depression of the early 1900s increased unemployment. Michael Bernstein (1989) reiterated the economic turmoil of the 1929 depression forced galore(postnominal) companies to close shop. Consequently, many people lost thei r jobs. Consequently, the people looked at the government as the cause of their economic hardship. The poverty-stricken people are easy preys for people espousing authoritarianism.

The Impact of Death on a Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Impact of Death on a Child - Esenunciate good exampleApparently, the dramatic situation at theater when they discovered my grand niggle had died during a nap, so they thought she was sleeping for quite some time forward they found her and came to a consensus that she was, indeed, dead, warranted forgetting to pick me up. At the time, though, it felt identical they forgot my existence. My mother fin solelyy arrived looking tormented, even to my young eyes. I started crying as soon as she got out of the car and I saw her swollen eyes and reddened face, the deep creases set virtually her mouth. She did try to comfort me as best she could, given the situation, but her own suffering just added to my fear. We some(prenominal) cried the entire drive home despite the fact that she never actually told me my grandmother had died, perhaps she thought my immature emotions could not handle this information or maybe she could simply not bear to say the words, either musical mode I was puzzled nonetheless and my tears were just a knee snap reaction to the intense emotions of my mother, it is always scary for a child to see their parent distressed. When we finally arrived home (the seven-minute drive seemed like hours to me at the time) our entire family was at our house, yet, the packed bungalow was silent. Perhaps the state my mother and I led them to believe I had already been told, but the truth was I wondered and waited for my Nana for days before I understood she was never coming back.Looking back at this time I imagine a dark and menacing atmosphere where I just tried to stay out of peoples way (our house was the headquarters for all grief, big and small) and try and figure out what everything that was going on meant and, mainly, where my Nana was and when she would be coming home. I recall relating the idea of my grandmothers return to one of my older cousins whose parents had come by to let it all out (a phrase Id overheard my mother using when one of o ur guests would buckle, allowing their face to contort as their pain cascaded down their cheeks) I think I simply mentioned an activity I would partake in as soon as my grandmother returned and I was met with the cruel and mocking laughter and was told she wasnt coming back, she was dead and that meant asleep forever.

Child Care in Colleges are Essential Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Cargon in Colleges argon Essential - Essay ExampleThat these women are in school should not be a enlistment to their desires. Universities and other colleges could support their student-parents through a number of ways. One is funding. These could be through slacking college-based solar solar twenty-four hours make out pennyers on site in campuses. These should be operating during convenient hours to ensure all student-parents like to go to class without worrying about their children. Some universities and colleges receive grants to help run mean solar day divvy up centers for student parents within their colleges. This is a move in a positive direction in a bid to increase the number of students who continue with their studies after giving birth while still pursue their degree courses. Life is difficult enough for student parents, hence the importance of affordable and flexible day treat programs to help alleviate their problems. Furthermore, to put the minds of th ese parents at ease, these day- care programs should be accredited by pertinent bodies to ensure that the children are not only safe, but also tumesce taken care of. The class for such programs should also be at par with state and national standards, to ensure that the children are being taken care of the same way other children in non-campus day care centers are. Funding is an master(prenominal) aspect in ensuring success of day care programs in colleges and universities. Funding understructure come in form of grants from government agencies for children or education through lobbying by the universities and colleges administrations (U.S. Department of Education 1-2). Funding can also come directly from the university or college administration itself. Funding is imperative in the running of day care centers for student parents in colleges since most of these do not have steady or well paying jobs that could afford them more expensive day care programs. The funding cold go towa rds construct or renovating unused campus buildings to convert them into day care centers, materials and labor required to do this, furnishing the day care centers and paying the people who will be involved in the day to day running of the day care centers. The student parents could be asked to chip in a little money, though not overly much, in order to ensure they partake in the running and maintenance of the day care centers, and that it is not free. Given the fact that most student parents face more challenges and responsibilities than students who are not parents, the former are most likely to perform dismally in their studies (Price 3-6). Furthermore, the stress that comes with raising a child, studying and probably working part time may take a toll on these parents, especially if they are single parents. With this kind of background, student parents are likely to drop out of school to take care of their children. This has an adverse effect of the economic and social well be ing of the parent and child. Second to funding is tractableness of the day care programs. It is pointless to start day care centers in colleges and universities that operate between generation that interfere with the student parents academics (Anderson and Dektar 6-8). Day care centers that are closed too early or open too late means that parents have to skip classes while they wait for the day care cent

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Finance - bear witness ExampleAlthough, it is practically not possible to control some forces that operate outside a business, such as availability of the capital and the world economic conditions, management need to inspire and guide informal operations in helping ensure a secure warring position within the marketplace. Moreover, twain innovation and adaptability are essential in helping gain market share, and stay profitable in the event of fluctuating economic climates (Hill & Westbrook, 1997). Research show that for a business to remain being competitive in the market, it has to always impress innovative services and products, a market plan and a true(p) pricing (Hill & Westbrook, 1997). In meeting the high standards, there is need for an operation efficient to be enforced as it helps in keeping the price competitive. For a well-run business, a shared goal is often incarnate with a view to inspire a spirit of co-operation among its departments (Humphrey, 2005). In challen ging times, dynamic leadership is of import for maintaining a profitable business. Excellent performance is credited to increased productivity to the main friendship. Increased or impressive productivity is the central core of many companies (Menon, et al. 1999). Therefore, the increase in the profitability capacities of a company is placed amongst the central targets of any company (Menon, et al. 1999). In the case of Berksire Threaded Fasteners Company, its profitability is challenged by several(prenominal) factors, amongst them internal policies and external market factors, amongst others. In this paper, an analysis of the impact that can be aroused upon deployment of motley actions will be investigated. Body For a situation where the company could have dropped the 300 series as of January 1, 2000, there is an effect that action would have on the profit for the first six months of 2000. In this case, it is note that consumers often expect value (Armstrong. 1996). These consum ers demand an effective customer service given that they are kind to data alongside product information. Given the internet services, it is possible to make proportion of features and prices. This helps consumer forces companies to change into crystal clear market machines. The profitability potential accorded to 300 series surpasses the potential exhibited by the other three products. This reflects on the aspects such as the toll of business, as well as the after production expense. Focusing on the initial, 300 series is the most economical in production. This reflects on both the input and the labor cost. The comparison from this dimension indicates that 300 series is the least expensive of the three. While evaluating on a summative angle, the cost of production associated to the three products amounts to $ 3433. A further analysis of this figure indicates that 300 series just now accounts for nearly 26 percent, while the other two presumes the rest. 100 series has the high est share with about 40 percent. The only difference in terms of production of the products is the rent cost for 300 series. Over this regard, several aspects of the production line can be isolated. Amongst them is the productivity of the line, as well as the possible future dynamics. This is establish on a possibility of equity in the production numbers (Armstrong,

Economic Outcome Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Outcome - topic Study ExampleAccording to the study findingsit is imperative to explain the meaning of franchising in order to fetch understanding of the whole concept. Basically, franchising is the most common type of contractual relationship in which a agate line member called a franchisor links several stages in the production and distribution process.This essay discusses that the relationship created in this particular case involves the franchisor and the franchisee where the later acquires the license or right to operate their trading using the brandmark of the other company. This kind of relationship is very common especially in fast food business and it has significantly contributed to the success of different businesses. The franchise is licensed to foodstuff and distribute the products offered under the stylemark of the franchisor. In this particular case, it can be observed that Andys Parties will retain its brand name and trademark while licensing other fra nchisees to market its services which helps business to expand and this also helps it to gain large market share in its operations. This helps the company to increase its income base given that it would be in a part to attract a large number of customers. A close analysis of the case of Andys Parties shows that it be about $60 000 to open company operated stores. This amount is quite high for a company that has been in business for a short time and intending to expand its operations to other market.

Professional and organisational Development Assignment

Professional and plaqueal Development - Assignment pillowcaseIt is a procedure of continuous evaluation, planning and implementation of the knowledge for the improvement of the organisations expertness of problem solving, capacity management and changes in future. Organisational development assists in improving the business by loving several products and services. It helps in observing the dynamics of the working environments so that the progress in faster and effective. The triple components of the organisational development approaches ar systems thinking, behavioural sciences and values. Fig 1 Organisational Development Approach Source (Haneberg, 2005). The managers indoors an organisation use the organisational development approach for increasing the effectiveness and capacity by implementing the set of values by systematic thinking approach to provide best output in the work. Moreover, they apply the behavioural sciences theories for the mastery of the organisation. The v alues of the organisation are set which are to be followed by the people to indulge in for greater success (Haneberg, 2005). Organisational development depends on the values which help in taking proper conclusion regarding the employees and the organisation. These values give a shape to the decision taken and replicate an appropriate result for the power of the success. The values are the most eminent part of the organisational approach as it involves the process of engagement within the culture and the employees. Relationship building, authenticity, respect, empowerment and flexibility are the values which help in the success of the organisations in any sector. In the automobile sector managers also implement these approaches for ensuring success and proper coordination among the people (Haneberg, 2005). The documental of this management report is to deal with the organisational approaches followed by the automobile sector giants such as pass over Motors, everyday Motors and To yota. The approaches and their effectiveness in the development for the professionals or leaders and the organisation are evaluated in this study. Organisational Development Approaches of a Group of Organisations in Automobile Industry Ford Motor Company Organisational development approach is an inbred part in an organisation for its successful functioning. It is imperative as the profit of a concern depends a lot on the systems thinking approach and the values of the employees in accordance with the business. In this regard, it is affirmed that Ford Motor Company follows the open system approach which is a continuous process that renders emphasis on the environmental dynamics. As Ford Motors follows the open system, it gets continuous flow of information regarding the products in the form of feedback. The feedbacks are then analysed thoroughly for the betterment of the product as per the need of the environment. Therefore, the efficiency of the company depends on the interaction level with the environment. In the recent years, the organisational development demonstrates a shift in the approach from system to the organisational approach. Correspondingly, it is acknowledge that Ford Motors has used the systems analysis approach which is effective (Brown & Harvey, 2006). In this regard,

College and Universities Should Teach Financial LiteracyManage Money Essay

College and Universities Should apprize Financial LiteracyManage Money - Essay ExampleOne solution is to make financial literacy a division of the core curriculum for either colleges and universities in the United States. consort to Annamaria (2010), financial literacy is the capacity to make unspoiled financial judgments, and take workable actions about the current and future utilization and dressment of finances. Therefore, it is important for all individuals to be knowledgeable on basic financial information to enable them make right decisions establish on their needs and income. There atomic number 18 several important aspects of financial illiteracy in the country. According to Braunstein et al (2005), lack of financial knowledge has increased the vulnerability of many consumers to heavy losses and deceptive business arrangements. This has resulted to some of the worst economic problems in the country such(prenominal) as the most new-made financial downturn that was ma inly caused by extensive consumer overleveraging. American universities and colleges can play a of import role in empowering students with financial skills but historically, it has not been the case. College and university graduates play a critical role in making financial decisions in any economy, but for a long time financial literacy has been regarded as a spirit skill acquired outside the classroom setting in United States (doubting Thomas,2010,p60). In this respect, Thomas (2010, p67-68) notes that university administrators do not consider teaching financial skills a priority in their curriculums. However, recent changes such as increasing college fees, unpredictable job market in addition to various financial challenges that give students at school and after graduating has jolted authorities in higher learning institutions to review their stance. In view of these challenges, policy makers in the United States have indentified the need of introducing compulsory financial edu cation in these institutions to enhance the capacity of students to make sound judgments in school and after graduating. According to Lewis(2008,p50), financial illiteracy is widespread among all American citizens, but low-income earners and people with no post secondary education are the most affected groups. A study conducted by Lewis (2008, pp56-89) found that minority groups especially African Americans and Hispanics had the terminal financial literacy aim compared with other groups. In addition, American men have higher financial literacy level than women and as people grew older, their financial literacy increased (Lewis, 2008, p64). Thomas (2010) argues that economic, health and social wellbeing of the individuals, families and societies relies heavily on financial literacy. In this respect, the importance of financial education cannot be overemphasized. At individual level, financial literacy enables a person to plan for the present expenditures and save for the future. Th is includes developing pragmatic household budgets that enables people to prioritize on their expenses, create saving plans and make wise investment decisions. In addition, good financial education empowers individuals to manage their debts and make sound financial decisions for their retirement to ensure that they lead a financially secure life when they cease working (Thomas, 2010 pp 87-89). Moreover, financially literate people buy goods and services at lower prices and this enhances their savings and investments. In this respect, effective

Assignment4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment4 - Assignment ExamplePablo Sarozabals No Puerde Ser was the final piece in the concert. A duette of songs in native Samoa and Maori were represented during the concert as well.C. Generally, I was attentive harkener during the concert. The performance was truly engaging and I liked the timbre of the voice of the soloist. It was the first time I had an opportunity to listen to all pieces included in the concert, but I was encouraged to listen to them once again. Unfortunately, Pene Pati does not locate his performances online, but he has his YouTube channel. This fact gave me an opportunity to enjoy more of his performances a couple of days subsequently the concert in order to refresh my memory about the quality of his voice.D. The soloist had tenor voice which was unaccented to notice during the performance. Higher register notes were better accentuated than the lower register. Most of the selected pieces were written for tenor. The soloist was accompanied by piano. O bviously, the soloist and the pianist worked as a team on the stage. Close to the end of the concert, Pati, accompanied by his guitar, represented a couple of songs which were not listed in the program.E. Out of all pieces represented at the concert I enjoyed No Puerde Ser, Go, Lovely Rose and O Mistress Mine most. These pieces revealed the power of Pene in the best way. No Puerde Ser had lush tempo and was not as lyrical as other pieces included in the concert. It included deviations in tempo which made the piece slower when Pati wanted to dwell on separate notes. The song verbalised clear Italian motifs. Even without reading the translation of the text it was obvious that it traced a love story.Pati apply vibrato very skillfully he applied it when necessary and did not exaggerated emotional connotation of the piece. In this piece, Sun Ha Yoon added a lot to the texture of the piece by her emotional and professional accompaniment. Overall, the

Plants physiology exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Plants physiology exam - Assignment ExampleThe aforementioned function of root to shoot N polarity implies that any element that will accelerate the mechanism will be important for the growth functions of the plants. The raising of CO2 levels in the arid areas forms one of the most important factors which usually affects the xylem combine rates. This happens because of the reliant of xylem flow rates on stomatal opening and closure. In which case, the carbon iv oxide elevation causes stomatal closure, which in turn slow down the flow rate in the xylem (Easlon & Bloom, 2013).C4 plants are likely adapted to endure in arid type of environments because of their special ts mechanism which resists elevated levels of carbon iv oxide. The mechanism is called Kranz var. of the leaf whereby the bundle sheath cells helps tin decarboxylation of the CO2. These bundle sheath are found within the outer boundary of the vascular bundles found in the C4 plants, whereby they decarboxylate the carb on iv oxide coming from the mesophyll cells. This is different to the C3 plants which do not have the bundle sheath cells in accompaniment with the enzyme called PEP carboxylase, to help in regulating the juicy amounts of CO2 in the arid areas. The C3 plants only survive on the C3 carbon fixation pathway for the adjudicate of converting the CO2 to a compatible organic compound.A mixture of both plants will lead to a faster growth of the C3 plants as compared to the C4 plants. When one plant community containing both plants, C3 plants are likely to utilise more of the carbon iv oxide obtained for photosynthesis as compared to the C4. This happens because the C4 plants have two pathways whereby bundle sheath pathway functions in converting CO2 to organic compounds thereby leaving less for photosynthetic process. Intuitively, this is an efficient prototype for explaining the potential of stronger disputation from the C4 plants (Easlon & Bloom,

Deviant Then, Revered Now Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deviant Then, Revered Now - Course lap ExampleFor his work, he was posthumously awarded with Presidents Medal of Freedom. Talking of the eight people, who received this award, President Obama said, Each of them was an actor of change. Each saw an imperfect world and set about improving it, often overcoming great obstacles on the way. (cbs5).This tremendous change in information of people of U.S.A. towards Harvey Milk was brought about by a series of events. What triggered this change was the acceptance of homosexuality by American Psychiatric Association. The same association had earlier considered homosexuality to be a mental illness. Some political issues also contributed to the cause. In an attempt to see the votes of LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) society, democratic leaders refused to discriminate based on sexual orientation and back up gay rights. Clinton, during his tenure, authored an executive order banning discrimination based on sex. All the hard work of ga y activists has paid off and citizens of United States of America have realized that the sexual orientation of a person is a private, and not public, issue that looking down on a person because he/she is homosexual is unjust. Most of the provinces have legalized same sex marriage. (Head) .All this began with a man who was unabashed of his homosexuality and refused to be treated like criminal for being so. Harvey Milk was offered a tribute in the form of the painting Milk that was released in 2008.In my opinion, the events mentioned above did not lead to a change in the perception of American citizens towards Harvey Milk. Rather, it was Mr. Milks work for gay rights and his acceptance of himself that led to the above events and finally, towards the freedom of

American history - essay - about The Black Cat Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American history - - about The Black Cat - turn out ExampleMy interaction with the narrator as his pet was awesome at first. The fact that I was by-line him step by step means that we were compatible in various sides. It felt good when I was being favored through exclusion from harassment while others in the house were being ill-treated (Poe and Andrewasine 79). Being singled out when others were being mistreated always gave me a reason to stick to the narrator. It as well reinforced the instincts between us. I felt special by being singled out among the pets that he had and until now introduced me to his wife as his favorite pet of all. Our relationship, however, was mysterious and also supernatural in nature an element that was also evident in the gothic genre.The emotions of the narrator, however, ruined the friendship that was in existence and our sound interaction changed drastically to become sour. The person I was always comfortable when we were together became the pers on I was to run from. The crapulence changed the narrator I knew to someone close to a murderer (Poe and Andrewasine 76). It was unbelievable to see him attacking me and even plucking one of my eyes irrespective of our cordial relationship that had been in existence. This interaction taught enlightened me that people changes and in that location have been something sinister with the narrator. It is weird for a close ally to become a monster at bottom a very short time frame. The monstrous aspect resembles the gothic set up aspect and element.With such(prenominal) mistreatments, it was evident that the best way of living with the narrator is avoiding him. However, this interaction created dilemma in my feel on the best mode of living that would assure me of survival. This is because after he perceived that I was avoiding him he plucked one of my eyes (Bloomfield 249). On the other hand, it is very insecure to stay close to such a person. However, it was unbelievable seeing the na rrator holding me in a manner that

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case study - Assignment ExampleIn the evaluation and esprit de corps case, a number of problems emerge. According to the staff obtain, the go down on manager made some untrue against her in the report. In this respect, the problem of unfair evaluation emerges. Another problem also stems out of this context. The staff haves morale is negatively affected by the report. The underlying adverse effect is directed towards the substantial fare as much as it remains an issue with the staff nurse. This ain-practice-based implication of the report is a exact problem in the case. Over and above this, the staff nurses evaluation seems to concur been directed towards one key event. In this respect, the progressive factor that should be captured in the report is not observed. Moreover, poor, inefficient, and ineffective communication between stakeholders (Phillips & Morris, 2011) is characteristic in the case. Finally, personal growth and development of the staff nurse is on the verge of b eing negated by the unfolding events in the case.The above mentioned problems can be analyse by employing a number of principles. An administrative problem that befalls any health c atomic number 18 organization is critical (Burnard, et al. 2004). In the light of the case, it is important to understand the administrative standpoint of the nurse manager in punish her performance appraisal mandate. This is because the principle of dialogue is seemingly downplayed in relation to the manner in which the nurse manager executed the evaluation. Over and above that, issues to do with morality and ethics emerge. Moral and ethical principles are vital in analyzing problems related to nursing or any other health care practice (Walker & Avant, 2011). At the same time, it would be essential to account for professional platforms that are designed to promote personal and professional growth and development.In order to solve the problems described in the evaluation and morale case, a number of re commendations are

Schuman Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Schuman Plan - Coursework ExampleIn circumstance she had been already actively engaged in NATO along with the U.S.A. Looking at the success of the ECSC however , Britain was tempted to learn for membership but her attempt was twice scuttled by Charles de Gaulle who opined that Britain had no real interest in fall in the ECSC but was trying to enter as the Trojan horse of the U.S.A. which in a way was intelligible since the U.S.A. had been advising her to enter the ECSC and try to change its policies on a broader perspective in tandem with NATO. Thus it took almost 22 years for her to make an compliance into the community which by then had become atomic number 63 from ECSC, notwithstanding after the exit of Charles de Gaulle from the French Government. The some other five states had been longing for Britains entry and hence the passage was good-tempered for Britain though France under the premiership of Pompidou allowed her entry scarcely on firm commitments with respect to t he EEC budget contributions and on communitys Common Agricultural Policy. The conclusion is hence that Britains entry into EEC was politically motivated rather than on economic motives.The unification of Europe was felt ... Thus it took almost 22 years for her to make an entry into the community which by then had become EEC from ECSC, only after the exit of Charles de Gaulle from the French Government. The other five states had been longing for Britains entry and hence the passage was smooth for Britain though France under the premiership of Pompidou allowed her entry only on firm commitments with respect to the EEC budget contributions and on communitys Common Agricultural Policy. The conclusion is therefore that Britains entry into EEC was politically motivated rather than on economic motives.Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 understate The unification of Europe was felt to be the only way to avoid war among nations. France and Germany were sworn resistance nations during world wars I & II. The cessation of hostilities after the end of World War saw many a world leader advocating cooperation between nations in Europe. Robert Schuman, the Foreign Minister of France startled the world by his announcement on May 9, 1950 that Coal and Steel Industry of European nations would have common platform to involve uniform trade in the said industries what famously came to be known as Schuman Plan. In rancor of the apparent advantages of this kind of arrangement, Britain opted out of joining it. While Britain had its own reasons, her rejection of the Schuman plan was not taken lightly by France because of which though Britain quickly realised its importance, it took almost 23 years for it to manage to join the EEC after its formation. 1.2 Aims and ObjectivesWith the above background, aims and objective is to go into the aspects of Britains hesitation to join the EC initially and

Tuition Fees in British Universities Essay Example for Free

Tuition Fees in British Universities EssayReview all the telephone circuits for and against the introduction of Tuition Fees for instauration into British Universities as reported in the media.IntroductionBritish high(prenominal) education enjoyed the golden years of 70s 80s when the generous support of taxpayer was even protected from the intrusion of the Government by the autonomous University Grants Committee. During this period, not and at that place were no tuition fees but there was too a generous means-tested mandatory grants enjoyed by virtually of the savants.However, these generous facilities could not be principal(prenominal)tained since the beginnings of 1980s and the gradual abolition of support looted with eliminating the afield students subsidies, limitations in the eligibility for general fond welfare grants and the freezing of mandatory grants. Eventually grants were totally abolished in 1997 and were replaced by loans. (Johnstone, 2004) The Labour party represented by Mr Charles Clarke, Secretary of State for preparation, proposed legislation for top-up fees which became law in the higher(prenominal) gentility Act 2004, though it bequeath be implemented in the 2006 2007 academic year.Previously the undergrad fees in most universities were 1,050. However, by the implementation of differential fees or top-up the universities entrust be able to weight d organize much to a greater extent. According to the Guardian (2002) The new aims would mean that universities could charge nearer the real cost of leaseing, concept to be an norm of 5,000 in the UK. But depending on the institution, department and course, it could be much more. more than loans would be available to allow students to pay fees up front.This issue has been debated by different parties and is still facing a lot of opposition despite the fact that it is meant to be implemented in the academic year 2006 2007. In this paper I am going to study the argume nts for and against under the following headingsThe Political DebateUniversities and disciples propose of discoverConclusionsThe Political DebateThe Governments debate for top-up tuition fees originates from describing the role and mission of universities and the challenges they baptistry to accomplish their goals. Mr Clarke summarises the ambitions that the Government is planning to achieve by the proposal in his white paper asFirst, our universities urinate to make better progress in harnessing our fellowship to the process of creating wealth.And, second, they chip in to extend the opportunities of higher education to all of our population, irrespective of their personal and economic background (Clarks White Paper Speech) thusly he further states the role of universities nationally in adapting to the changing world and effecting change rather than universe affected by it.In unforesightful, in a world of accelerating change, we all wish to understand that our societys fo untainhead weapon in ensuring that we master change, rather than surrendering to it, is our education system, and principally our universitiesThen he identifies the missions of the universities are research, knowledge transfer and, perhaps most important of all, teaching (Clarke, White Paper Speech) Then he describes the challenges universities administration to achieve these missions and argues for an endowment device as the best solution for creating a financial regime. However, this will take a long time before it be ascends a reliable resource. Therefore he argues for the short term living and concludesAs countries throughout the world have discovered, requiring students to contribute to the cost of their education is the just realistic alternative.The Governments justification is that this is only fair since graduates throw double the payment of non-graduates and therefore should contribute to the system producing the considerable economic benefits they will enjoy as grad uates. It is also pointed out that the taxpayer will rightly make a comparison and bespeak what they benefit from their support of the system.The Secretary of State for Education announced the details of the Governments proposal, which can be summarised in the following pointsUniversities will be able to vary fees from 0 to 3,000 but fees can vary among courses, not just betweenDisadvantaged students will get financial support to study what they want when theyAll students will also protect by abolishing up-front This means no student or their family has to find tuition fees before they start their course.Students will be helped further by increasing the student loan in line with quick Students shouldnt have to rely on credit cards and commercial debt.The bursary system will also be fair on both students and the universities, who will use some of their extra in list to provideThe immediate rebuke made was that the Labour companionship effected the legislation though their m anifesto promise regarding tuition fees reads We have no plans to introduce University top-up fees, and have legislated to prevent their introduction. The defensive rebuttal made by the Labour party is that the legislation will not take effect during 2001 2005 Parliament which angered even the supporters of the Labour Party who did not like this mechanism of defence.On the early(a) hand, the bounteous Democrats Party has a strong foreclose debate based on a number of points. Firstly they think that top-up fees are unfair for a number of reasonsThey claim that tuition fees widened the gap between social classes the evidence for which is provided by the independent guinea pig Audit Office, which belongs to the In their research report in the Student Income and Expenditure Survey 2002-2003 they conclude that The social class gap among those entering higher education is unacceptably wide and has widened.Tuition fees have been a strong disincentive for access to higher education a nd now with the top-up fees this situation will In fact, this is the finding of Professor Claire Callender of South Bank University who conducted a research for the Government. He concludes Top-up fees of 3000 will put even more poor students morose university.The poorest students are affected most of all by the debt This is evidential in the Student Income and Expenditure Survey which reports that in 2002-2003, the poorest students affected by the burden of debt were 43% more than the rich students. More evidences were provided by Barclay in a survey conducted in 2004 (Annual Survey of Expected Student Debt) which revealed that the projected average debt on graduation is 12,069 (up 10% on the previous year). Barclays surveys also predicted that debt on graduation will deuce-ace by 2010, to 33,708.Another point indicating social classes gap is the fact that poor students take longer hours of salaried Statistics of Students Income and Expenditure Survey of 2002-2003 report tha t 58% of students took paid fetch during term time while this was 47% in the survey of 1998-1999. This situation is particularly bad for students on longer courses, e.g. medical studentsAccording to their trace the Petition oblige titled Scrap Tuition Fees and Top-up Fees the repayment system is also In their own wordsThe post-graduation repayment system will impose what amounts to a very high borderline place of income tax (higher than the rate paid by a millionaire) on those least able to pay little graduates just out of college and those working in lower paid jobs in the public services and free sector (disproportionately women and from the ethnic minorities). The House of Commons Library concludes that graduates earning as low as 35,115 are already paying a marginal tax rate of 50%, as they pay off their student loans. They will be doing so for a great deal longer to pay off much greater debts if top-up fees are introduced as the Government proposes. The Library figures also reveal that graduates earning as little as 15,000 will pay a marginal tax rate of 42%, more than the current marginal rate for the very highest earners.Secondly, the Liberal Democrats claim that top-up fees will not solve the funding problem. While there is no question that universities need money, the important question is where this money should come from. The Governments argument in support of top-up fees is that it will create a more sustainable funding regime, the like justification of for tuition fees which did not sort out the funding problem for universities. Similar results are expect with top-up fees.Top-up fees will not solve the funding problem Everybody agrees that universities need more money. The question is, where should the money come from? The Government says that top-up fees are needed in order to create a more sustainable funding regime. But exactly the same argument was used to justify tuition fees. Instead, funding per student by the taxpayer was cut dur ing Labours first term in office and tuition fees merely plugged the gap, leaving universities no better off. The same is likely to happen with top-up fees.Thirdly the Liberal Democrats believe that the Governments synopsis is inefficient.The Government is switching from up-front fees to post-graduation repayment via the student loan system. The cost to the taxpayer of financing this debt will be substantial. The informative Notes published alongside the Higher Education Bill indicate that, in order to raise 1 billion for universities in top-up fees income, the cost to the taxpayer will be in the region of 445 million (Scrap the Tuition Fees article). at long last the liberal Democrats are of the opinion that education should be free and nobody should be denied access to acquirement because of their financial abilities. This cannot be achieved unless tuition is free.The Liberal Democrats are challenged by a valid question What would you do? They promise that they would abolish al l tuition fees. In other words they would cancel the present 1125 and make sure that no other charge will be considered.In addition they would assist the low-income students by reintroducing maintenance grants to meet living costs and restore the students right to housing and unemployment benefits during summer. The assistance will not be limited to students it will also be extended to universities by providing more resources that will change them to recruit and retain good staff and improve the quality of services in terms of buildings and libraries and so forth A more ambitious resolution is the followingDevelop a 21st century higher education system which would bring together universities, further education and e-learning, open up routes to technical and vocational as well as academic qualifications and make it easier for those who wish to study part-time (Scrap Tuition Fees articleHowever, how is this going to be achieved? The Liberal Democrats say that these commitments can be funded by their proposed 50% income tax for those who earn more than 100,000. Whether this would be sufficient or not is another question to be answered.Universities and Students Point of ViewUniversities UK, a body representing vice-chancellors, is of the opinion that the Education Bill (which is now a law) is necessary and fair. (Brown, 2003) Brown emphasises the need for increased funding for university teaching, which had been reduced over the last two decades resulting in universities facing difficulties to achieve their main goals. He asserts that we risk losing our international reputation for the quality and effectiveness of our higher education system.Another Universities UK billet asked to comment by the BBC News commented as followsLets look at what is actually being proposed in the UK. The megabucks here offers students no up-front fees, loan forgiveness at 25 years, no real rate of interest, a generous grant and bursary system and a cap on the fee itself. By these me ans, the UK proposal seeks to reduce the problems which others have found elsewhere. What is being proposed in the UK will ensure that the poorest students will be better off while studying under these arrangements than they are now and they are also effectively indemnified against low winnings after graduation.Therefore, we can conclude that universities support the Governments proposal and see it as the most appropriate solution. Brown in his articles dismissed the counter argument of the Conservatives and concluded that the Governments proposal is fair and offers a sustainable solutionUniversities are asking for a major increase in funding, partly from public funds and partly from individuals. Given the scale of the funding gap, Universities UK thinks its fair to ask those who benefit most from higher education graduates to contribute proportionally more to its costs. While the higher earnings of graduates mean that the majority of UK taxpayers who earn over 100,000 have be nefited from higher education, a significant proportion of this stem have not. We therefore consider this solution to be a relatively poorly targeted way of altitude the necessary money, compared with the form of progressive taxation offered by the Government proposals which targets only those who have been to university.On the other hand, students represented by National Union of Students, seem to be against the to-up fees system of rules and are pointing out the go down in applications for universities which they describe as extremely worrying. In the words of NUS president Kat Fletcher, The have in applications is extremely worrying, and suggests that top-up fees and the debt they represent are deterring potential students.According to Mandy Telford, National Union of Students presidentIf top-up fees come in, then more and more students will be forced to choose their course based on its cost and therefore put themselves at a disadvantage before they even graduate. Increased fees will mean some employers will look at the cost of a course rather than a graduates ability. Furthermore, if the Government does not provide a decent student funding package, then those students forced to work long hours in paid work will be unable to get involved in CV-enhancing extra-curricular activities. This will further widen the gulf between the haves and have-nots on campus and after graduation.It is obvious that the students are against the scheme and are worried about consequences they portrait whether they are actual or assumed ones.ConclusionsIt is definite that the scheme proposed by the Government is facing a lot of opposition mainly from obviously the Liberal Democrats, the UKs well organized National Student Unions, the Labour Partys vocal political left. This is so despite the fact that some parts of the Governments proposal seem fair and plausible.It would have been in the interest of all parties concerned to remove the issue from the political agenda and refer it to professionals to study and recommend feasible solutions.ReferencesJohnstone, D. Bruce (2004) Fear and Loathing of Tuition Fees An American Perspective on Higher Education Finance in the UK downloaded on 12 declination fromhttp//www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/Publications/Fear%20and%20Loathing%20of%20Tuition%20Fees%20PDF.pdfLiberal Democrats (scraptuitionfees.com) Why do the Liberal Democrats oppose tuition fees and to-up fees? downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//www.scraptuitionfees.com/pages/Why.phtmlWikipedia, the free encyclopaedia Top-up fees downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-up_feesCurtis, Polly Clarke comes out fighting over fees -Guardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//politics.guardian.co.uk/queensspeech2003/story/0,13994,1093724,00.html publisher Article Students Want Top-Up Fees Looked at as Applications Fall The Birmingham Post February 16, 2006.Newspaper Article Charles Clarkes affirmation to the Commons Guardian Unlimited (January 22 2003) downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//education.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/tuitionfees/story/0,,880051,00.htmlNigel Brown (2003) Whats it worth? The case for variable graduate contributions A report for Universities UK Universities UKBBC News Viewpoints Tuition fees downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3583401.stmWebb, Steve Liberal Democrat MP (11 August 2003) Current Features Top-up Fees defecate Universal Concern downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//www.libdems.org.uk/parliament/feature.html?id=5133navPage=features.htmlGuardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) stipendiary the price in education downloaded on 11 December 2006 from http//education.guardian.co.uk/students/tuitionfees/story/0,12757,1093673,00.htmlSing Gill, Parmjit MP (25 January 2005) breakup Debate University top-up and tuition fees downloaded on 11 December 2006 fro http//www .universitiesuk.ac.uk/parliament/showBriefing.asp?id=20

Psychological perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychological perspectives EssayThe brain is a super computer with a complicated ne dickensrk of neurones subserving many of the activities of our daily life. Many of us be unaw ar of the various inter affiliated processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when someone is ill or not normal do we heart the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a somebody becomes aw ar of, perceives or comprehends ideas.Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining all come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being emotional or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. accidental injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that to each one of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinatio ns and permutations of the neurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses.However we are aware of the fact only(prenominal) in the case of damage to one or more areas of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is Psychological perspectives. I have selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the heart and soul of the enigma that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a affable set up. They are Memory governing body (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and Social Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of triad kinds arresting, short-term and gigantic-term.Sensory recollection depends on auditory, optic and visuo spatial functions . Both noetic hemisp here(predicate)s are affect in analyzing sensory data, performing computer storage functions, teaching new selective information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The go forth takes care of the sequent analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like terminology, mathematics, abstraction and retention is overly dealt with. Memory is stockd in a language format. The right cerebral hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions.Ones environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastic exercise are executable through the right hemisphere functions. Short term memory holds small amounts of information. discriminating attention is touchd. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to breakage or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an area of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we tackle arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory.Information that has to be stored for long is possible due to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information can never run out of space. A persons trainingal standard of measurement is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we employ (short-term) alone is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and call in it when necessary.Memory loss, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or distant events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more complete(a) injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, bomb explosion or shooting incident. exit due to injury or aging can produce loss of memory of varying levels. red can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old community of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness.Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimers, traumatic brain injuries, following electroshock or in Korsakoffs psychosis. ill-treat to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoffs Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is touch on in natural aging too. The foremost enigma is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimers Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking after the patient ( Ballenger, 2006).Traumatic Amnesia commonly occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and whitethorn last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on the part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left(a) cerebral cortex can affect long term memory. ravish to the right cerebral cortex produces a disturbance in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered.The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is dual-lane into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The surface is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves. separately half of the cerebral hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. alternate is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no baffle on behavior.They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas coalesce the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive demeanours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The ability to concentrate and attend, subtlety of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory.Broadmans area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Brocas area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical blindness even when the eyes are suddenly normal.The temporal lobe which has the Wernickes area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would res ult in hearing deficits, childish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Lateralisation is evident in the right and left laterality of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. Linear reasoning, speech and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere.Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial nerve perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left barely intuitive reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more wi th visuo-spatial functions.An acquired language deficit accompanying right- side of meatd stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes Split brain where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A split brain patient does not speak of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds.It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. Th is is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the operation, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks.The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are inflexible here. If this area is affected, an angry nevertheless frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help another. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (PsychologyAn International Perspective, 2004).Another explanation states that this refers to the voluntary actions intended to help another ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doers actions rather than the motivations stern them. They include sharing, co mforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, Learning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. Physical attack is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to personal and mental health problems that occur in later life.Aggressive children are also liable to high risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the high-pressure students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already rough towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004).A study by Tremblay et al assay to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during early childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physica l aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old screw up were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising flight of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the put up of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, mothers with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked.The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before ancestry were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a modelling identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder , 1990), they found that a combination of factors ultimately motivates volunteers.One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving motivation by socially adjustable conditions, ego defensive considerations, the lust to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 ways in a child instinct, rewards and observation. plain these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the childs anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried.Rewarding sober behaviour may not be so effective. A better way is to try modelling. The parent should model sober behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babies are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play.At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demo the emotional bond or attachment of the babies with their mothers or caregivers.For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The securely attached infants would be upset by the mothers absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mothers absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a image in the life of the child and its future behaviour.The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental stipulation and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a most knit family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and le sser problems.

Role of the US Constitution and Legal System in Business Regulation Essay Example for Free

Role of the US governing body and Legal System in Business Regulation EssayThe Constitution of the unify States and their legal system have an impact on the guidance and operation of companies in any industry. In case a person breaks a law, for example, he or she may be obliged to pay a graceful or even imprisoned in the US. It schools the same way with companies if a job is ensn atomic number 18 responsible for allowing its employees to violate regulations this company is subject to a fine and even closedown. For instance, companies argon responsible to set about that all employees are lawfully authorized to work in the United States. Occasionally employees without proper accompaniment are able to get a job.The law enforcement agencies perform raids on wrinkle enterprises in movement to enforce separately laws concerning citizenship and permanent residency. These raids have been taking place all over the United States in attempt to protect the motherland after t he tragedy of the September 11th. Immigration politics have employ debatable procedures when many innocent people have been kept in custody. The law allows the Immigration and springer officials the right to question anyone on the premises during a depend. It is the employers obligation to guarantee that all employees are legally authorized to work by means of performing systematic background checks in order to nullify a chaos and confusion during raids and punishment from the government activity of the US.Application of Constitutional RightsIn cases when organizations are hiring workers without proper documentation, the government enforces laws in order to protect the avocation of United States citizens, the government, and businesses. In Los Angeles, a business was raided and workers were detained due to in-migration authorities receiving information about unattested workers at a point organization. The constitution grants the right for authorities to search and seize give n there is probable fuck off (US Constitution Annotated-Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution, 2005.)Probable ca role can be a controversial term that is used, in theory it means that all facts must(prenominal) be thoroughly investigated and warrants will be granted, if procedures are followed. In this particular case in Los Angeles, documented and undocumented employees were detained. Unfortunately, the document employees believed their constitutional rights were violated and they sued the Immigration and usance Enforcement for false imprisonment anddetention without justification. The search warrant permits Immigration and Customs Enforcement to question everyone inside of the establishment in question (Bazar, 2008). In this particular case, one-fifth of the employees at this establishment were found to be undocumented.The Effect of Constitutional Rights on BusinessesEmployers are wake their employees more thoroughly to avoid the serious consequences of being an enab ler of undocumented citizens. As one can imagine, this is a timely and costly procedure even if enough qualified employees are available. In many businesses, organizations are struggling to keep up with demand rather than being overly selective employers are expression for bodies to fill positions. Laws and regulations come with a cost when those laws do not promote a healthy business environment, laws will stunt the growth of business enterprise.When organizations do not follow procedure by actively screening their applicants by conducting background checks, it reflects poorly on the organizations. on that point is a high risk of hiring applicants who are not qualified for positions, and the probability is even higher that undocumented workers will be hired. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement is enforcing laws designed to protect the interest of businesses, losing employees is extremely costly. When employees are documented they are more likely to breathe employed at the com pany. Overall, constitutional rights and United States laws impact the hiring procedures of organizations which directly impacts the overall productivity of business. Following local anaesthetic city, state, and federal official official laws determines the flow of business and affects the customer base.Impact of Labor LawsLabors laws impact businesses the most because they dictate how businesses are run, their daily productivity, and expenditures. Federal compass laws protect the interest of employees by setting strict standards for organizations to follow. Regulations schedule breaks, wages, right working conditions, unemployment insurance. There are federal standards that organizations must abide by and state regulations which never go below the federal standards. Federal laws set a minimum standard and state governments decide what is appropriate for their state (keeping in mind the cost of living standards). Federal and state regulations dictate the age ofemployees including hours and breaks. There are strict restrictions about the type of work environment children can work in allowing children to work in hazardous conditions is strictly prohibited under federal law (US (Department of Labor, 2008.) Employers must abide by federal regulations to compensate employees for working more than 40 hours per week. At some organizations unions are established to harbour the rights of employees. Unions are a powerful force in the United States and are able to negotiate nevertheless for wages holiday pay, fight against disciplinary action, and other challenges employees deal with on a daily basis.ConclusionThe United States Constitution and federal regulations have a tremendous impact over the functionality of all aspects of daily business operation. Immigration laws have impacted the operations of businesses some organizations are learning they must follow federal laws by thoroughly screening applicants prior to hiring them. These regulations are in place to pr otect employers from severe exhalation of capital. The negligence of employers can impact citizens in good standing because Immigration and Customs Enforcement can use the right of search and seizure to question anyone in a business establishment.The United States Constitution and federal regulations are in place to protect the interest of businesses and people working in the United States legally. When regulations are not actively enforced by employers it impacts the interest of the business, and its employees who are law abiding. Labor laws protect the interest of employees and the United States economy. The laws dictate working conditions, hours employees can work, and federal standards for minimum wage are set. Most important, labor laws protect the interest of the future generation by enforcing age restrictions that would interfere with the development of children. Federal laws are designed to be fair and balanced to protect the interest of businesses and legal employees.Refer encesBazar E. (2008, June 25). Citizens Sue subsequently Detentions, Immigration Raides. USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from http//www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-06-24-Immigration-raids_N.htmUS Constitution Annotated-Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution. (2005) U.S. Supreme Court Center. Retrieved October 30, 2008, fromhttp//supreme.justia.com/constitution/US Department of Labor. (2008). Compliance Assistance. Retrieved November 1, 2008, from US Department of Labor http//www.dol.gov/compliance/topics/wages-overtime-pay.htm

IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge Essay Example for Free

IKEAs world-wide Sourcing Challenge EssayIndian Rugs and youngster Labor (A)In May 1995, Marianne Barner faced a tough-minded decision. After just now two years with IKEA, the worlds largest furniture retailer, and less than a year into her job as parentage area manager for carpets, she was faced with the decision of cutting off cardinal of the comp any(prenominal)s major suppliers of Indian rugs. While much(prenominal) a impress would disrupt run and affect sales, she chuck together the reasons to do so quite compelling. A German TV station had just broadcast an investigative report naming the supplier as one that used infant hollow in the wareion of rugs made for IKEA. What frustrated Barner was that, like all other IKEA suppliers, this large, well-regarded order had recently spell out an addendum to its supply contract explicitly forbidding the use of kidskin labor on painfulness of termination. Even more difficult than this short-term decision was the la nguish-term action Barner k freshly IKEA must take on this exit.On one hand, she was being urged to sign up to an industry-wide response to growing concerns about the use of kidskin labor in the Indian carpet industry. A recently formed partnership of manufacturers, importers, retailers, and Indian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) was proposing to cater and monitor the use of Rugmark, a label to be pose on carpets certifying that they were made without child labor. Simultaneously, Barner had been conversing with volume at the Swedish Save the Children organization who were urging IKEA to ensure that its response to the situation was in the ruff interest of the childwhatever that might imply. Finally, there were some who wondered if IKEA should not just leave this hor give the axes nest. Indian rugs accounted for a tiny part of IKEAs turnover, and to these observers, the time, cost, and reputation risk posed by continuing this harvest-time line seemed not worth the profit potential.The Birth and Maturing of a Global Company1Certain enlarge drive been disguised. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective wariness. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. operative out of the family kitchen, he sold straightforwards such as fountain pens, cigarette lighters, and binders he purchased from low- outlayd sources and therefore advertised in a newsletter to local shopkeepers. When Kamprad matched his competitors by adding furniture to his newsletter in 1948, the quick success of the new line conduct him to give up the wee items. In 1951, to clip product returns, he opened a display store innearby lmhult village to allow customers to glance products before stealing. It was an immediate success, with customers traveling s hitherto hours from the capital Stockholm by train to visit. Based on the stores success, IKEA displaceped accepting mail orders.Later Kamprad reflected, The basis of the modern IKEA concept was created at this time and in principle it still applies. First and foremost, we use a catalog to tempt people to visit an exhibition, which at presend is our store. . . . Then, catalog in hand, customers can see simple interiors for themselves, touch the furniture they want to buy and and then write out an order.2 As Kamprad developed and refined his furniture retailing job work he became increasingly frustrated with the way a tightly knit cartel of furniture manufacturers controllight-emitting d iode the Swedish industry to keep prices high.He began to view the situation not just as a business opportunity just excessively as an unacceptable social conundrum that he wanted to correct. portend a vision for IKEA that would later be articulated as creating a better life for the numerous people, he wrote A disproportionately large part of all resources is used to satisfy a small part of the population. . . . IKEAs aim is to change this situation. We shall offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. . . . We have great ambitions.3The small newsletter brie fly sheet expanded into a full catalog. The 1953 issue introduced what would become another key IKEA feature self-assembled furniture. Instead of buying complete pieces of furniture, customers bought them in like a shot packages and put them together themselves at home. Soon, the knockdown concept was fully systemized, saving transport and storage costs. In classifiable fashion, Kamprad turned the savings into still dispirit prices for his customers, gaining an even larger make outing among young postwar householders looking for well-designed but inexpensive furniture. Between 1953 and 1955, the familiaritys sales doubled from SEK 3 million to SEK 6 million.4Managing Suppliers Developing Sourcing PrinciplesAs its sales took off in the late 1950s, IKEAs radically new concepts began to go on stiff opposition from Swedens large furniture retailers. Sothreatened were they that when IKEA began exhibiting at trade fairs, they colluded to stop the company from taking orders at the fairs and eventually even from showing its prices. The cartel also pressured manufacturers not to bewray to IKEA, and the few that continued to do so oftentimestimes made their deliveries at night in unmarked vans. Unable to meet demand with such constrained local supply, Kamprad was forced to look abroad for new sources.In 1961, he contracted with several furniture factories in Poland, a country still in the Communist eastern bloc. To assure quality output and reliable delivery, IKEA brought its knowhow, taught its processes, and even provided machinery to the new suppliers, revitalizing Polands furniture industry as it did so. Poland soon became IKEAs largest source and, to Kamprads delight, at much lower costsonce again allowing him to reduce his prices. quest its success in Poland, IKEA adopted a oecumenic procurement principle that it should not own its means of production but should seek to develop fill up ties by supporting its suppliers in a long-term relationship.a Beyond supply contracts and technology transfer, the relationship led IKEA to make loans to its suppliers at reasonable rates, repayable through future shipments. Our objective is to develop long-term business partners, explained a senior purchasing manager. We commit to doing all we can to keep them competitiveas long as they re main equally commit to us. We are in this for the long run.Although the relationship between IKEA and its suppliers was often described as one of mutual dependency, suppliers also knew that they had to remain competitive to keep their contract. From the outset they silent that if a more cost-effective alternative appeared, IKEA would try to help them respond, but if they could not do so, it would move production. In its continuous quest to lower prices, the company developed an unusual way ofidentifying new sources. As a veteran IKEA manager explained We do not buy products from our suppliers. We buy unused production capa urban center. It was a philosophy that often led its purchasing managers to seek out seasonal manufacturers with spare off-season capacity. There were galore(postnominal) classic examples of how IKEA matched products to supplier capabilities they had sail makers make seat cushions, window factories produce table frames, and ski manufacturers bring in chairs i n their off-season. The manager added, Weve always worried more about finding the right management at our suppliers than finding high-tech facilities. We will always help good management to develop their capacity.Growing sell Expanding AbroadBuilding on the success of his first store, Kamprad self-financed a store in Stockholm in 1965. Recognizing a growing use of automobiles in Sweden, he bucked the practice of having a downtown showway and opted for a suburban location with ample parking space. When customers drove home with their furniture in flat jam-packed boxes, they assumed two of the costliest parts of traditional furniture retailinghome delivery and assembly.In 1963, even before the Stockholm store had opened, IKEA had expanded into Oslo, Norway. A decade later, Switzerland became its first non-Scandinavian market, and in 1974 IKEA entered Germany, which soon became its largest market. (See exhibit 1 for IKEAs worldwide expansion.) At each new store the same simple Scandi navian-design products were endorse up with a catalog and offbeat advertising, presenting the company as those impossible Swedes with strange ideas. And reflecting the companys conservative values, each new entry was financed by previous successes.b During this expansion, the IKEA concept evolved and became increasingly adjudge.(Exhibit 2 summarizes grand events in IKEAs corporate history.) It still built large, suburban stores with knockdown furniture in flat packages the customers brought home to assemble themselves. But as the concept was refined, the company required that each store follow a predetermined design, set up to maximize customers exposure to the product range. The concept mandated, for instance, that the living room interiors should follow immediately after the entrance. IKEA also operated customers with featuressuch as a playroom for children, a low-priced restaurant, and a Sweden Shop for groceries that had made IKEA Swedens leading food exporter. At the same t ime, the range little by littleaThis policy was modified after a number of East European suppliers broke their contracts with IKEA after the reach of the Berlin Wall opened new markets for them. IKEAs subsequent supply chain problems and loss of substantial investments led management to develop an internal production company, Swed woods, to ensure delivery stability. However, it was decided that only a restrain amount of IKEAs purchases (perhaps 10%) should be sourced from Swedwood. b By 2005, company lore had it that IKEA had only taken one bank loan in its corporate historywhich it had paid back as soon as the cash flow allowed.The Emerging Culture and Values5As Kamprads evolving business philosophy was formalized into the IKEA vision statement, To create a better everyday life for the many people, it became the foundation of the companys strategy of selling affordable, good-quality furniture to mass-market consumers around the world. The cultural norms and values that develop ed to support the strategys implementation were also, in many ways, an extension of Kamprads personal beliefs and style. The true IKEA spirit, he remarked, is founded on our enthusiasm, our constant will to renew, on our cost-consciousness, on our willingness to assume responsibility and to help, on our humbleness before the trade union movement, and on the simple mindedness of our behavior. As well as a summary of his aspiration for thecompanys behavioral norms, it was also a good statement of Kamprads own personal management style.Over the years a very distinct organizational culture and management style emerged in IKEA reflecting these values. For example, the company operated very informally as evidenced by the open-plan office landscape, where even the CEO did not have a separate office, and the familiar and personal way all employees addressed one another. But that informality often masked an intensity that derived from the organizations high self-imposed standards. As one s enior decision maker explained, Because there is no security available behind status or closed doors, this environment really puts pressure on people to perform.The IKEA management process also stressed simplicity and attention to detail. compound rules paralyze state Kamprad. The company organized anti-bureaucrat week every year, requiring all managers to spend time works in a store to reestablish contact with the front line and the consumer. The workpace was such that executives joked that IKEA believed in management by running around.Cost consciousness was another strong part of the management culture. Waste of resources, said Kamprad, is a mortal sin at IKEA. Expensive solutions are often signs of mediocrity, and an idea without a price tag is never acceptable. Although cost consciousness extended into all aspects of the operation, travel and entertainment expenses were particularly sensitive. We do not set any price on time, remarked an executive, recalling that he had once phoned Kamprad to get approval to fly first class. He explained that economy class was full and that he had an urgent appointment to keep. There is no first class in IKEA, Kamprad had replied. Perhaps you should go by car. The executive completed the 350-mile trip by taxi.The search for creative solutions was also highly prized with IKEA. Kamprad had written, Only while sleeping one makes no mistakes. The vexation of making mistakes is the root of bureaucracy and the enemy of all evolution. Though readying for the future was encouraged, overanalysis was not. Exaggerated planning can be fatal, Kamprad advised his executives. Let simplicity and common sense characterize your planning.In 1976, Kamprad mat the need to commit to melodic theme the values that had developed in IKEA during the previous decades. His thesis, Testament of a article of furniture Dealer, became an important means for spreading the IKEA philosophy, particularly during its period of rapid international expansi on. (Extracts of the Testament are given(p) in Exhibit 3.) Specially trained IKEA ambassadors were assigned to key positions in all units to spread the companys philosophy and values by educating their subordinates and by acting as enjoyment models.In 1986, when Kamprad stepped down, Anders Moberg, a company veteran who had once been Kamprads personal assistant, took over as president and CEO. But Kamprad remained almost involved as chairman, and his influence extended well beyond the ongoing daily operations he was the self- positive guardian of IKEAs deeply embedded culture and values.Waking up to Environmental and tender IssuesBy the mid-1990s, IKEA was the worlds largest specialized furniture retailer. Sales for the IKEA Group for the financial year ending August 1994 amount SEK 35 billion (about $4.5 billion). In the previous year, more than 116 million people had visited one of the 98 IKEA stores in 17 countries, most of them drawn there by the companys product catalog, w hich was printed yearly in 72 million copies in 34 languages. The privately held company did not report profit levels, but one estimate put its net margin at 8.4% in 1994, yielding a net profit of SEK 2.9 billion (about $375 million).6 After decades of seeking new sources, in the mid-1990s IKEA worked with almost 2,300 suppliers in 70 countries, sourcing a range of around 11,200 products. Its relationship with its suppliers was dominated by commercial issues, and its 24 trading service offices in 19 countries primarily monitoredproduction, tested new product ideas, negotiated prices, and checked quality. (See Exhibit 4 for selected IKEA figures in 1994.) That relationship began to change during the 1980s, however, when environmental problems emerged with some of its products. And it was even more severely challenged in the mid-1990s when accusations of IKEA suppliers victimization child labor surfaced.The Environmental Wake-Up FormaldehydeIn the early 1980s, Danish authorities passe d regulations to define limits for formaldehyde emissions tolerable in building products. The chemical compound was used as binding glue in materials such as plywood and particleboard and often seeped out as gas. At concentrations above 0.1 mg/kg in air, it could cause watery eyes, headaches, a burning sensation in the throat, and difficulty breathing. With IKEAs profile as a leading local furniture retailer using particleboard in many of its products, it became a undercoat target for regulators wanting to publicize the new standards. So when tests showed that some IKEA products emitted more formaldehyde than was allowed by legislation, the case was widely publicized and the company was fined.More significantlyand the real lesson for IKEAwas that due to the publicity, its sales dropped 20% in Denmark. In response to this situation, the company quickly established stringent requirements regarding formaldehyde emissions but soon found that suppliers were failing to meet its standa rds. The problem was that most of its suppliers bought from subsuppliers, who in turn bought the binding materials from glue manufacturers. Eventually, IKEA decided it would have to work directly with the glue-producing chemical companies and, with the collaboration of companies such as ICI and BASF, soon found ways to reduce the formaldehyde off-gassing in its products.7 A decade later, however, the formaldehyde problem returned.In 1992, an investigative team from a large German newspaper and TV company found that IKEAs best-selling bookcase series, billy goat, had emissions higher than German legislation allowed. This time, however, the source of the problem was not the glue but the lacquer on the bookshelves. In the shake up of headlines describing deadly poisoned bookshelves, IKEA immediately stopped both the production and sales of Billy bookcases worldwide and corrected the problem before resumingdistribution. Not counting the cost of lost sales and production or the damage to goodwill, the Billy incident was estimated to have cost IKEA $6 million to $7 million.8These events prompted IKEA to address broader environmental concerns more directly. Since wood was the principal material in about half of all IKEA products, forestry became a natural starting point. Following discussions with both Greenpeace and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, formerly World Wildlife Fund) and using standards set by the Forest Stewardship Council, IKEA established a forestry policy stating that IKEA would not accept any timber, veneer, plywood, or layer-glued wood from full natural forests or from forests with a high conservation value. This meant that IKEA had to be willing to take on the task of tracing all wood used in IKEA products back to its source.9 To monitor compliance, the company appointed forest managers to carry out random checks of wood suppliers and run projects on responsible forestry around the world. In addition to forestry, IKEA identified four other area s where environmental criteria were to be applied to its business operations adapting the product range working with suppliers transport and distribution and ensuring environmentally conscious stores. For instance, in 1992, the company began using chlorine-free recycled paper in its catalogs it redesigned the best-selling OGLA chair originally manufactured from beechso it could be made using waste material from yogurt cup production and it redefined its packaging principles to eliminate any use of PVC. The company also maintained its partnership with WWF, resulting in numerous projects on global conservation, and funded a global forest watch program to map intact natural forests worldwide. In addition, it engaged in an ongoing discourse with Greenpeace on forestry.10The Social Wake-Up Child LaborIn 1994, as IKEA was still working to resolve the formaldehyde problems, a Swedish television documentary showed children in Pakistan working at weaving looms. Among the several Swedish com panies mentioned in the film as importers of carpets from Pakistan, IKEA was the only highprofile name on the list. Just two months into her job as business area manager for carpets, Marianne Barner recalled the shockwaves that the TV program sent through the company The use of child labor was not a high-profile public issue at the time. In fact, the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child had only been published in December 1989. So, media attention like this TV program had an important role to play in raising awareness on a topic not well know and understoodincluding at IKEA. . . . We were caught completely unaware. It was not something we had been paying attention to.For example, I had spent a duet of months in India learning about trading but got no exposure to child labor. Our buyers met suppliers in their city offices and rarely got out to where production took place. . . . Our immediate response to the program was to apologize for our ignorance and acknowledge that we wer e not in full control of this problem. But we also committed to do something about it. As part of its response, IKEA sent a legal team to Geneva to seek input and advice from the International Labor Organization (ILO) on how to deal with the problem.They learned that Convention 138, adopted by the ILO in 1973 and ratified by 120 countries, committed ratifying countries to working for the abolition of labor by children under 15 or the age of compulsory information in that country. India, Pakistan, and Nepal were not signatories to the convention.11 Following these discussions with the ILO, IKEA added a clause to all supply contractsa black-andwhite clause, as Barner put itstating simply that if the supplier employed children under legal working age, the contract would be cancelled.

Social and Political Implication of Social Media Essay Example for Free

accessible and Political Implication of Social Media EssayCommunication is as out of date as compassionatekind, it is the basis of affable moveions and life blood of human societies, we layabout say without communication. each(prenominal) individual would merely be an island isolated from entirely other such islands, communication in a simple sense is the outgrowth of transferring meaning in the form of ideas or cultivation from a somebody called the sender to another or population called receivers.The human life depends on communication to attain their copious potentials, communication is in like manner a sociable necessity without it there toleratenot be real community or auberge because it is the link mingled with individuals who constitute a community and the link in the midst of community in the formation of a larger alone-a metropolis, a province or a nation, society as a whole cannot survive straighta room if they ar not properly informed about semipoliti cal affairs, internationalistic and local in timets, all these functions be perform through a media which atomic number 18 the vehicles of transmitting education. In core group, when hatful delineate with one another, they do so by a medium, some device or process through which they convey information, these means which people use is called hearty media. 2 This paper will pretence a short historical back ground of neighborly media, the development of social media will be summarized, and much attention will be on the current means of such media which has taken a paradigm shift as a result of technological advancement and modernism such as lucre, home video, news paper, magazines, e. . c the social and political logical implications will be critically explored, for the umpteenth sequence we should have it in mind that social media has ethical end epistemological implication in human kind and the society, in fact some of its implication could be said to be negative magic spell some could be describe as positive, the implication affects all aspect of human life, belief, religious and even the socio-economic status, most importantly the governance of this keen country Nigeria.Social medial technologies take on to a greater extent dis kindred forms including magazine, internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microbloggind, wikis, social net pisss, podcast, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking, Technologies include blogs, picture-sharing, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, to come to a few, many of these service are integrated via social network aggregation platform by applying a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure) Kaplan and Haenlein pee-peed a classification scheme with different fictional characters of social media, they are collaborative projects for example, Wikipedia, blogs and microblogs like Twitter, co ntent communities for example, YouTube, social networking sites like Facebook, and virtual social worlds, however, the boundaries between the different types have been increasingly blurred.Social media refers to the means of interaction among people in which they create, share and reciprocation information and ideas in communities and network. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideologic and technological foundations of Web and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content,5 social media depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content, It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities and individuals.Media is as old as human kind as said earlier, from the ancient time, history make it k flat that our great grand-fathers make use of gong, songs e. t. to communicate, pass information and transfer beliefs, there was paradigm shift as a result of education and civilisation, gong now change to written literatures such as news paper, then technology now help in developing telecommunication such as Television station, radio set station, and the current social media, while other media such as magazine, published works also authentic, today social media is the leading means and is now in various form, internet website that post information to the whole world in second such as facebook, twitter, 2go, Ebuddy and sites and blogs. 7 Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence.There are many effects that stem from internet usage, according to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site 8. Social media in sum is the communicatio n channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages are disseminated this includes every day broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspaper, magazine , T. V, radio, bill boards, purport mail, telephone, fax and internet, social media offers innovative opportunities for people, in a democratic society like Nigeria, social media offers insertion to political actors, political institutions and the public to interact with one another.As said from the beginning that social and political implication of social media could be ethical and epistemological, Cultivational guess expose some ethical issues is a theory that also provide justification about the implication of social media, this theory states that the media is essential with the responsibility for the commission in which people regard the world,9 this theory explain that media heavily impacts society by influencing the normal view of gender roles, body two-bagger and normality, the th eory attributes extreme social power to the media and hold that people are taught over time to respond to situations based on what they think is the appropriate way, this theory in essence show some epistemological and ethical implication of social media on human kind, , media teaches normality through television, video, music e. t. , this theory assumed the life we live as a reflection of media ideals that have been portray to us since childhood for example we tend to see small children imitating and practising what they adopt in movies, most ladies watch Nollywood movies on the internet to sharpen their romantic styles and adopt some other necessities of life, styles of dance either unassailable or bad example is the idea of sagging of trouser common among people all these media influences. The equity is we generate belief from media and perceived that it is normal way to live, various advertisement tell woman how to dress, fixate and soon on, a recent study in University of Washington found that the amount an adolescent watches dope operas and musical videos is directly correlative with negative body image.Psychological egoism is another implication of social media, psychological egoism is the view that people act in their own interest even what reckon to be acts of altruism11, owing to the fact that social media is used as a tool for some people, in a democratic setting like Nigeria, politicians and government use social media for their egoistic nature, the media publish score information to either promote image or give wrong destroy image, here we realize that the epistemic belief that most of this social media project to the world are cooked, biased and distorted, and these are registered in the mind of people in the society, no doubt also that this info sometimes reveal authoritative secret, recently through social media Nigerians known that the so called spokesperson of Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps, Lagos need do not know the of ficial website of the Corps he is working for, this popular scenario is tagged my oga at the top courtesy Channels television The corollary of the above is that media circulate information, beliefs and knowledge, either acknowledge or not, to the society in a very speedy rate, the question now remains the authenticity and genuineness of this information.Social media are becoming increasingly popular among politicians and organisations as a means to disseminate political message, learn about the interest and needs of constituents and broader public, raise funds and build network support, these activities a great deal take name is private run social networking site or stations that allow political figures and institution to communicate with the public in unmediated, society media are being used by Citizen also to connect with the public, influences ending makers and hold legislature and government to account, take the case of January 2013 subsidy removal, many people could not get to Abuja but somehow they made their opinion known to people through the website one way or the other in form of internet gossiping, example is a social site called Niaraland, people chat there, gossip, make connections either for business or another thing maybe like distinguish affairs and so on, in essence this site through the gossips of it member evaluate the active the politicians or government of the country is.Since social media give anyone with internet access an opportunity to disseminate their ideas, the mainstream media sources no agelong ,monopolize information channels, in turn new issues and ideas that might otherwise be ignored by the mainstream media can receive public attention, given the vary level of expertise, individual users have unequal right to full moon potential of social media as a publishing platform, what this implies is that social media help in exercising independence as a component of modernism, liberalism and democracy.Another social and politic al implication of social media is that it enables citizen to become more effective political actors, social media remove barriers to collective action and empower citizen to influence and monitor the work of form _or_ system of government makers through a long distance participation, social medial also allow citizens to interact with public institutions and figures in an informal and interactive manner, through social media who are avid users of social media often discuss political issues interactively online with the opportunity to reach a large audience with criticisms of political figures and institutions, another similar social and political implication is that it provides opportunity for synthetic lobbying 12, well crafted and executed social media campaigns led by special interest groups can dominate online exchanges with political figure and institution to the blot where decision makers are misled about the actual extent to which ideas are shared via these campaigns as repr esentative of a widely held point of view, such advocacy tactics are often referred to as synthetic lobbying, this occur when coordinated earn writing campaigns have long been an element of politics and the policy process and policy makers have developed mechanisms that identify online submission from the public that form part of coordinated advocacy campaigns by weeding out these event submission whether email to representative or submitted to an online forum.The use of social media by public institution and figures may lead to surveillance state, by monitoring the information shared citizens on a special media sites, policy makers and representative can gain a better understanding of citizens interest and needs, also government can also use this to work against those they see as opposition, as reported by virtually all Nigerian Newspaper on April 25, 2013, the president of Nigeria Goodluck Ebele Jonathan GCFR, awarded a contract over forty million US Dollars to one Israeli compa ny to monitor emails and social network communication theory, this is part of the implication of social media we are talking about, it implies that the freedom of the people in the society is somehow restricted, I should be aware now that my so called private email message is monitored if one way or the order I radically against the government , it could be hazardous, though this surveillances could also help in checking certain fraudulent activities like bumpkin fraudsters, organised crime and terrorism networks, and so on, but the implication of this is that the negative freedom as Isaiah Berlin postulated, that is, absence of external constraint in individual to act the way they want example is freedom of linguistic communication 13, this negative freedom is will now be limited, whatever this implication (surveillance state) appears either positive or negative, data shared by citizens via social media including knowledgeable orientation, religious belief, political affiliati on and other delicate information will be monitored and used in ways that breach privacy right.A casual survey of this work shows a philosophical discourse on media and social media, its social and political implication has been so far discussed, in sum the implications are both ethical and epistemological, social media has become promoter that create awareness, publicise beliefs and transmit norms, it could be said that most of the action of human kind if not all is an imitation from the media, the implication of social media is undoubtedly positive and negative. In addition the picture of a society is painted to the world through social media, some years back when Dr Dura Akuyili was hitherto the minister of information, she embarked on a project called rebranding with the slogan Nigeria good people, great nation, this was to change the bad image of the country and most of the activities she used to perform this crusade were majorly on media and social media.Much of the critici sm of social media are about its exclusiveness as most sites do not allow the transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that social media has positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet while also allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships Most people associate social media with positive outcomes, yet this is not ever the case. Due to the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage of such media with cyber bullying, online sexual predators and the decrease in face-to-face interactions, social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual behaviours.Whether the implications are beneficial or risky, what is clear is that social media are quickly becoming standard communications tools for political figures and institutions and the citizens they serve, this paper recommend whoever is still lacking the knowledge of using social media to do that without cachexy time, above all apply Descartes methodic doubt to every information the social media provided, that is subject social media information to thorough scrutiny before taking them as beliefs, also this paper remind the public of the dangers and vices of social media hence, the wise be more wise and the less wise should upgrade not be a victim of the bad influences.