Sordaria Lab

Effects of beating oer in Sordaria fimicola soak Sexual procreation in beingnesss is a cause for heritable fun. This piece of ass be come a hybridisationn by office of the forge of meiosis in Sordaria fimicola because of the make of pass all everywhere oer and independent assortment that add up in meiosis I. forward performing this experiment we theorised that we would be able to see that intersection point everyplace did indeed occur in the S. fimicola. We sorted our hypothesis by festering our take in culture and observing it down the stairs a microscope. By find and recording the examples of asci we were able to find that our hypothesis had been correct.This has now led us to do that sexual reproduction causes an increase in genetic chromosomal mutation in organisms much(prenominal) as, Sordaria fimicola. Introduction Organisms reproduce in deuce shipway asexually and sexually. Sexual reproduction prat be defined as the reproduction involving the un ion of gametes or when genetic material from ii parents flux to form offspring (Cyr). Offspring produced from sexual reproduction come a unique genetic make-up, which kindle either be beneficial or destructive to them (Saleem). Close to all known organisms use this kind of reproduction during some moment in their spiritednesstime.If this is true, however, why is non every species patently genetically identical? To answer this, one must pursue the chromosome mien during the sexual reproduction lifespan cycle also known as meiosis. Meiosis is the process of cell division in which gametes are produced. It results in four haploid (IN) cells from two diploid (2N) cells (Cyr). In meiosis I, product over and independent assortment of the chromosomes occur. These two processes increase the genetic transmutation within the cell either benefiting or hurting the cells ability to adapt (natural selection). afterward these two events have occurred, the chromosomes will then propel through all four stages and produce two daughter cells (Cyr). In meiosis II, the two daughter cells distributively again proceed through all four stages and produce a final four distinctly different daughter cells (Cyr). Sordaria fimicola allows us to see observe the process of meiosis. This is because its life cycle is rapid and allows scientists to observe many generations in a concisely amount of time (Meiosis). Also, the size of S. fimicola makes it easily viewable under a microscope.Experiments with Evolution Canyon have shown exactly how S. fimicola is a representative organism for crossing over. Evolution Canyon represents the whole idea of different locations in Israel containing two mountain ramps exposed to vastly different climatic conditions that play with a valley between them (Meiosis). In each of these cases, one slope has been exposed to harsh conditions musical composition the other has been exposed to tempe wander conditions (Saleem). Because each slope under goes different conditions, we can observe how genetic variation is affects the S. imicola that spanking on each slope. Scientists gathered samples of the organism living on twain slopes and analyzed the differences in crossing over and the differences in crossing over frequencies. The purpose of our lab is to observe the different cross over frequencies. We wishing to compare and contrast the ford frequencies in different color strains of S. fimicola. We hypothesize that in this experiment we will observe crossing over occur in the Sordaria fimicola after two weeks of growth in the agar plates.To test our hypothesis, we will grow our own asci spores in an agar plate and observe the organism under the microscope while recording the different ascus types which can either be type A (44), type B (242), or type c (2222). Materials and Methods From the Meiosis and transmitted soma show in Sordaria handout, we found the materials and procedure for this experiment. Equipment that we needed to perform the first go away of this experiment were two agar plates, a discovering pen, a scalpel, and two different color strands of S. imicola. The first step in this lab was to mark two separate agar plates with the marking pen in such a way as to create four separate quadrants on each agar plate. Second, each plate needed to be labeled, identifying it as either the plate with tan fungi or gray fungi. Next, utilise the scalpel, a small piece of the samples of S. fimicola had to be sliced and placed in the corresponding spots in the agar plates. The plates then were taped and allowed two weeks to grow. After two weeks, the samples had flourished.We first scooped up small portions of each of our samples and hurl them on a slide with a drop of water, creating squashes, to be viewed under the microscope. When viewing under the microscope, each of the four group ingredients counted and recorded their own twenty asci. While recording, each member categorized whether the as ci they found had delineated type A, type B, or type C recombination type. Last, when each member had attained their individual data, we combined our data to create a innate data for our entire group. Then we proceeded to combine our data to find a section and a course total.Results Four separate sectors analyzed the data of this experiment, the individual, the group, the class, and the section. The results were as follows Cross everyplace frequence Percent of Cross Over = (Number of Recombinant Asci / inwardness Number of Asci ) X coke% Individual Cross Over Frequency = 12/20 X 100% = 60% (gray) have Group Cross Over Frequency = 24/40 X 100% = 60% (gray) unite Group Cross Over Frequency = 28/40 X 100% = 70% (tan) have subdivision Cross Over Frequency = 128/220 X 100% = 58% (gray) Combined role Cross Over Frequency = 163/260 X 100% = 62. % (tan) Combined Course Cross Over Frequency = 4054/7066 X 100% = 57% (gray) Combined Course Cross Over Frequency = 8277/13946 X 100% = 59% (tan) After examining the cross over frequencies of the four sectors of data, we can see that for both the gray and tan spores an bonny of 60% were recombinant. This means that on average, 60% of the time S. fimicola will cross over resulting in spores of type B (242) or type C (2222) Map Distances Map Distance from Cross Over = Percent Cross Over / 2 Individual Map Distance = 60%/2 = 30 mu (gray) Combined Group Map Distance = 60%/2 = 30 mu (gray) Combined Group Map Distance = 70%/2 = 35 mu (tan)Combined Section Map Distance = 58%/2 = 29 mu (gray) Combined Section Map Distance = 62. 6%/2 = 31. 3 mu (tan) Combined Course Map Distance = 57%/2 = 28. 5 mu (gray) Combined Course Map Distance = 59%/2 = 29. 5 mu (tan) Again, the map distances for both the gray and tan spores averaged about 30 mu. This means that on average there were 30 units between the cross over and the centromere of the chromosome. The fact that all of the map distances are around the resembling scrap also help s to represent the accuracy in our results. Discussion After observation of the Sordaria fimicola, we were able to depict the different types of crossing over.This supports our hypothesis crossing over did occur in the S. fimicola. Because we were able to see that crossing over did occur and examine the three different cross over types, we can now say that sexual reproduction attributes to increases in genetic variation. We can see this by the 60% cross over absolute frequency of the recombinant (type B and type C) spores in both the gray and tan strands. This example of the process of meiosis shows us that independent assortment and crossing over attributes to the variety of offspring that are produced in Sordaria fimicola.This large variety leads us to know natural selection plays a large role in the life cycle of fungus and especially S. fimicola. Our experiment showed service line data under the same conditions as Evolution Canyon. While Evolution Canyon showed the effects of cross over frequency as the two spore strands adapted to their different environmental conditions, our experiment showed the cross over frequency of S. fimicola under normal conditions. This baseline allowed for the comparison of the strand types that had become adapted to their different environmental conditions on Evolution Canyon. Errors that could have occurred during this experiment were the recounting of asci. There may have been replication of certain asci strands. The experiment, however, is still reliable due to the large number of spores counted. This large number of 7066 gray spores and 13946 tan spores allowed for a reliable average to still be found. Future experiments may find this information useable because it gives insight into the how often crossing over occurs and therefore at what rate genetic variation is happening. By knowing more about genetic variation rate, we can learn more about evolution and how that effects natural selection.Experimenters could use this information to compare the rate of genetic variation to the effects it has on natural selection. References Cyr, R. 2002. Heredity and the Life Cycle. In, Biology one hundred ten Basic concepts and biodiverity course website. Department of Biology, The papa State University. http//www. bio. psu. edu/ Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in the Model Organism, Sordaria. Written by Hass, C. and Ward, A. 2010. Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Saleem, Muhammad. 2001.Inherited Differences in Crossing Over and Gene Conversion Frequencies amidst Wild Strains of Sordaria fimicola From Evolution Canyon. University of Haifa, Israel. Figures and Tables Table I. Individual Data Non-recombinant Recombinant Recombinant thoroughgoing of Asci Total Recombinant Asci (B +C) of sheath A Asci of Type B Asci of Type C Asci 8(gray) 7(gray) 5(gray) 20(gray) 12(gray) This represents the 20 asci counted individually. Of these twenty, twelve were recombinant meaning crossing over took place. The other were not recombinant and therefore crossing over did not occur.The crossover frequency was 60%. Table II. Combined Lab Group Data Non-recombinant Recombinant Recombinant Total of Asci Total of Recombinant Asci (B+C) of Type A Asci of Type B Asci of Type C Asci 16(gray) 15(gray) 9(gray) 40 (gray) 24(gray) 12(tan) 13(tan) 15(tan) 40 (tan) 28(tan) This represents the spores counted for our entire group of four people. Of the 40 gray spores counted, 24 were recombinant meaning crossing over took place while 16 were non-recombinant. The crossover frequency for the gray spores was 60%. Of the 40 tan spores counted, 28 were recombinant while 12 were non-recombinant.The crossover frequency was 70%. Table III. Combined Section Data Non-recombinant Recombinant Recombinant Total of Asci Total of Recombinant Asci (B+C) of Type A Asci of Type B Asci of Type C Asci Gray Spore 92 67 61 220 128 topaz Spore 95 72 91 260 163 This represents the spores counted by the entire class. Of the 220 gray spores counted, 128 were recombinant and crossing over took place while 92 were non-recombinant. The crossover frequency was 58%. Of the 260 tan spores counted, 163 were recombinant while 95 were non-recombinant.The cross over frequency was 62. 6%. Table IV. Combined Course Data Non-recombinant Recombinant Recombinant Total of Asci Total of Recombinant Asci (B+C) of Type A Asci of Type B Asci of Type C Asci Gray Spore 3012 2081 1973 7066 4054 topaz Spore 5669 4301 3976 13946 8277 This represents the spores counted by the entire section. Of the 7066 gray spores, 4054 were recombinant while 3012 were non-recombinant. The cross over frequency was 57%. Of the 13946 tan spores, 8277 were recombinant and 5669 were non-recombinant. The cross over frequency was 59%.